Sentence IN TERMS OF……..

a. ELEMENTS & THEIR

FUNCTIONS
b. FORMS/MOODS
c. STRUCTURES
d. TYPES
Sentence
A group of words that has a complete and independent
thought and has a subject and a predicate. Also, it is
always composed of at least one independent clause.
 SENTENCE= NP+VP
SUBJECT/noun phrase PREDICATE/verb phrase

Subject Verb Object Compleme Adverbial

nt

1 He is eating mangoes in the

afternoon.
2 you are brilliant.
3 we elected him chairman last week.
4 (You) consult a doctor.
5. His parents gave him a nice
present
SENTENCE ELEMENTS
(Functional Aspect)
 Functional aspect refers to the roles/functions a
word/phrase performs in a clause/sentence. A word/phrase
may perform a function/role in one clause/sentence and a
different function/role in another clause/sentence.

ex: Swimming is a good exercise. (sub)

I like swimming. (Obj)

 1. SUBJECT
Doer of the action or the one being talked about
in a sentence
All subjects are either nouns, pronouns, gerunds, infinitives, or clauses
and are placed before or after the verb.
Jane went home late. (doer of the action)
Myla is the smartest student in our class. (one being
talked about)

Classification of Subject:

Compoun
Single d Dummy Hidden
 Single Subject
Composed of one subject.
ex: Jane went home late
 Compound Subject
composed of two or more subjects that have the same verb. The
subjects are joined by the coordinating conjunction “and” or “or”.
ex: Martha and her young daughter left the house early.
 Dummy Subject
the subject with no concrete reference.
ex. It is raining hard outside. It is dark inside the
room
 Hidden Subject
the subject before the verb in imperative sentence.
ex. Keep up the good work! (You) Please, pass the
salt. (You)
 Categories used as Sub: GINPP
1. A Noun Phrase  The Car is White.
2. A Pronoun He is Tall.
3. A Gerund  Smoking is bad .
4. An Infinitive  To study Grammar is Fun.
5. A Noun Clause  What he said is right.

6. Proform  The poor are the sufferers in our

society.

[Pro-form is a word or phrase that can take the place of another word (or word
group) in a sentence. The process of substituting pro-forms for other words is
called proformation.]
 2.VERB
 Action
 Should be in consistent with subject, tense & voice

Example
1.He (go)___ to the market.

2.My father (ax. V)___ a dog.

3.He is (praise)___ for his eloquence.

3.OBJECT(the part which is influenced by verb)

 sits after verb, determines any person/thing which is

influenced by verb.
 If questions like ‘what/who’ or ‘to/for whom’ is asked to the
verb and the answer is got.

Two kinds of object: Direct object & Indirect object

 Rahman is doing the sum. (DO)

 Mr Jones served me a cake. (IO)
 TWO KINDS OF OBJECT
A. Indirect Object
this acts as a noun and does not receive the action but
indicates for whom or to whom something is done. Ask for/to
whom or for/to what after the action verb.

examples: Jane made her sister a cake.

Chariz gave her a box of chocolate.
Krichelle threw Jack the flower bouquet.
The boy taught his dog new tricks.
Nohan bought Sarah a flower.
Mom read Katie a book
 Categories Functioning as I.O:
 A Noun Phrase  I gave the beggar a coin
 A Pronoun Give me that.
 A Gerund  Give studying a bit of chance.
 A Prepositional Phrase  He gave it to me
 A Noun Clause  Give whoever comes this box.
B. Direct Object

 A direct object will follow a transitive verb [a type of action verb].

 Direct objects can be word classes, phrases, or clauses. Just remember this
VERB + what/who? = DIRECT
simple formula:
OBJECT

Ex: Zippy accidentally kicked Maurice in the shin. kicked who? Maurice = direct
object.

 they are sometimes phrases or clauses.

Ex: Sylina hates biting her fingernails.
Even worse, Sylina hates when Mom lectures her about hand care.
 Direct objects can also follow verbals—infinitives, gerunds, and
participles.

Ex: To see magnified blood cells, Gus squinted into the microscope on the lab table.
Gus bought contact lenses because he wanted to see the beautiful Miranda, his lab partner, more
clearly.
Dragging her seventy-five pound German shepherd through the door is Roseanne's least favorite
part of going to the vet.

Categories Functioning as D.O:

1. A Noun Phrase  He has lit a cigarette.

2. A Pronoun Don’t hit me.***
3. A Gerund  He loves reading .
4. An Infinitive  I want to go away.
5. A Noun Clause  Describe what you saw
Is it a direct object or an indirect object? Here are some tips to
help you:

 1) A direct object receives the action of the verb. In other words, it is directly
affected by it.
2) An indirect object is the receiver of the direct object, and it usually comes
just before it.
 3) An indirect object is located just before the direct object The verb is "gave.”
Ex: He gave his mother flowers.

What is directly affected by this action?

The flowers. They are given! So "flowers" is the direct object.

Who receives the flowers? His mother. So "his mother" is the indirect object.

You can see that the indirect object ("his mother") is located just before the direct
object ("flowers").
How can you tell if a word is an indirect object or the
object of the preposition?

 Ifit comes just after a preposition – then it's the

object of the preposition.

 Ifit does not come just after a preposition – then it's

an indirect object.

 Also, the indirect object is usually followed by the

direct object. The object of the preposition does not.
Exercise
Mrs. Pots cleaned the living room.
The young boy called his mother at the office.**
My youngest sister admires Daniel Radcliffe.

Find the direct/indirect object in each sentence.

1. The janitor was given a better position because of his character.
2. The orchestra played five classical pieces.
3. He encountered a formidable foe.
4. The concerned student filled a formal protest.
5. She wrote a letter of apology.
Exercise

Find the direct object/indirect object in each sentence.

1. Mother hid the matches in the drawer.
2. The child found the matches and started a bonfire in the living
room.
3. The fireman gave the boy a bucket of water.
4. As the flames leapt higher, the boy threw himself on the ground
and cried.
5. Later, the mother bought him a new toy fire truck and then told
him the story of Prometheus.
4.Complement (Describes sub or obj)

complement is a word or group of words

that is
needed to complete the sense of a
sentence.
Two kinds: 1.based on function (sub & obj)
2.based on word class
Functional Word class
category Complement
category
Two kinds of complement:

Based on function Based on word class

a. receives the action of  She is a teacher.(noun
the verb.[0bject C)
complement]  It is I.( pronoun C)
b. follows a linking verb  He is handsome.( adj C)
and refer back to the  He is friendly.( adv C)
subject. [Sub comp]
 The house is to let.
I thought her beautiful. (infinitive C)
 She is beautiful.  She is in the class.(PP C)
A. Objective Complement (describes object)
it is the complement that appears with an object and
describes or renames it. Ex: I consider Froi my best friend.
The principal appointed Ms. Santos Prefect of Students.

Categories Functioning as O.C:

 A Noun Phrase  We appointed Newton President.

 A Noun Clause  We made him what he is.
 A Gerund  I call that Cheating.
 An Infinitival Phrase  I don`t want anyone to know
 A Prepositional Phrase  We left her in tears
 An Adjectival Phrase  I found the box empty.
 A Participial Phrase  I heard my name called
Exercise
Find the objective complement in each sentence.

1. Sansa calls her parrot Snow.

2. A simple greeting made my mom happy.
3. They elected Laurente president of the Student Supreme Council.
4. The Chinese considered Confucius a great man.
5. The ambitious employee appointed himself chairman of the board
B. Subjective complement (describes subject)

It is the complement that appears with a linking verb and tells

something about the subject of the sentence.
Ex: He is handsome.( adj C) He is friendly.( adv C)

 Categories that function as S.C:

1. An adjective: It was Dark

2. A participle: That is interesting
3. A prepositional Phrase: It is near London.
4. A noun Phrase: This is a book
5. A gerundial Phrase: That is cheating!
6. A noun Clause: That is what I want
7. An Adverbial Phrase: He is out.
8. An Infinitival Phrase: To see him is to love him.
 .
Don't mistake a subject complement for a direct object.
 Only linking verbs can have subject complements. If the verb is action, then the
word that answers the question what? or who? after the subject + verb is a
direct object.
 When Michelle woke up this morning, she felt sick.
 She = subject; felt = linking verb; sick = subject complement. [Felt is linking
because if you substitute this verb with an equal sign, the sentence still makes
sense.]
 Michelle felt her forehead but did not detect a temperature.
 Michelle = subject; felt = action verb. She felt what? Forehead = direct object.
[Felt is action because if you substitute this felt with an equal sign, the sentence
does not make sense.]
 The space alien from the planet Zortek accidentally locked his keys in his space ship.
 Alien = subject; locked = action verb. The space alien locked what? His keys =
direct object.
 The space alien was happy to find a spare key taped under the wing.
 Alien = subject; was = linking verb. The space alien was what? Happy= subject
complement.
5. ADVERBIAL
 an adverbial is an optional, or structurally dispensable, part of a
sentence, clause, or phrase that, if removed or discarded, will not
otherwise affect the remainder of the sentence.
 Example: In the sentence John helped Bill in Central Park, the
phrase in Central Park is an adverbial.
 James answered immediately.
 Lorna ate breakfast yesterday morning.
 Adverb vs Adverbial

Adverb Adverbial
 A word modifying a verb,  Any word/phrase/clause
adjective or another adverb. functioning like an adverb.
 A word class, like parts of  An element of a clause, like
speech sub or obj
 Only adverb, an adverb is a  Adverb/prepositional
single word adverbial phrase/noun phrase etc
 She is quite intelligent.  He quite forgot my name.
(modifying adj) (modifying verb)
Why do we use adverbials?
We use adverbials of manner to say how something happens or how something is
done:

*The children were playing happily *He was driving as fast as possible.

We use adverbials of place to say where something happens:

*I saw him there. *We met in London.

We use adverbials of time to say when or how often something happens:

*They start work at six thirty. *They usually go to work by bus.

We use adverbials of probability to show how certain we are about something.

Perhaps the weather will be fine. *He is certainly coming to the party.
Types of adverbials
 Adverbials are typically divided into four classes:

 Adverbial complements (i.e. obligatory adverbial) are adverbials that

render a sentence ungrammatical and meaningless if removed.
John put the flowers in the water.

 Adjuncts: These are part of the core meaning of the sentence, but if omitted
still leave a meaningful sentence.
John and Sophia helped me with my homework.

 Conjuncts: These link two sentences together.

John helped; therefore, I was able to do my homework.

 Disjuncts: These make comments on the meaning of the rest of the sentence.
Surprisingly, he passed all of his exams.
Adverbial complement
 An adverbial complement is an adverbial that is
required to complete the meaning of a verb, such that if
it is removed, it will yield an ungrammatical sentence or
an intrinsically different meaning of the verb. They stand
in contrast to adverbials, which can be removed from a
sentence without altering its structure or meaning.

 Adverbial complements often accompany verbs of caused motion

such as put or place:
Ex: She put the cheese back.
Now place the vase on the mantlepiece.
 However, they can occur with other types of verbs as well:
Ex: We are staying in a hotel.
 Like adverbials, adverbial complements modify the meaning of
the verb by providing additional information.

 Unlike adverbials, which can be removed without losing meaning,

adverbial complements must be included because removing
them would cause the sentence to be incomplete or
fundamentally altered in its meaning.
Ex: “Please keep still.” “I love living in New York.”

Example (with Example (without Does the meaning

adverbial) adverbial) change?
“The teacher sent “The teacher sent Yes—the adverbial is
Tim home.” Tim.” a complement.
“She told me the “She told me the No—the adverbial is
story quickly.” story.” an adjunct.
“Please put the “Please put the Yes—the adverbial is
book on the shelf.” book.” a complement.
Where do adverbials go on a sentence?

 1. after the verb—He spoke angrily..

--He behaved in a silly way.(PP can be
used as adverbials)

 2.after the obj/comp—She left the money on the

table.

 3.before verb(adv of frequency)—I have never seen

William at work.
When one single sentence has three adverbials, then
MPT serial should be followed…
He walks slowly along the road every
morning.
But a sentence containing time and place adverbials
needs no serial to be followed….
There was an accident yesterday on Narayongong
Road.
There was an accident on Narayongong road
yesterday.
 Words/Phrases used as adverbials
a. Adjective phrase They worked hard.
b. Noun phrase He went home .(though ‘home’ is a noun, here
it works as an adverbial.)

Rakib played last week.

c. Prepositional phrase (can be used as Please come in.
adverbials) He jumped into the river.
d. Present participle phrase Walkng quickly, they reached their
destination.
e. ’ed’ participle phrase Held up in the jam, he reached office late.
f. Adverb We will be back soon.
Aderb phrase He comes home once in a blue moon.

g.Infinitive phrase(to mean any purpose) We went to Khulna to visit historical places
there.
6.modifiers/adjuncts
 A modifier is used to modify/change the meaning of another element in the
structure, on which it is dependent. A modifier is a word, phrase, or clause
which functions as an adjective or an adverb to describe a word or make
its meaning more specific.
Ex: “Sarah was voted Ms junior.” “The smart girl Sarah was voted junior.

 Types: Modifiers can be adjectives, adjective clauses, adverbs, adverb clauses,

absolute phrases, infinitive phrases, participle phrases, and prepositional phrases.
But mainly they are of two kinds, either adjectives or adverbs.

 A dead sentence: Stephen dropped his fork. (how can we use modifier I this
sentence?)
 Now read what several well placed modifiers can do:
 Poor Stephen, who just wanted a quick meal to get through his three-hour
biology lab, quickly dropped his fork on the cafeteria tray, gagging with
disgust as a tarantula wiggled out of his cheese omelet, a sight requiring a year
of therapy before Stephen could eat eggs again.
 Adjective = poor. Adjective clause = who just wanted a quick meal.
 Adverb = quickly. Adverb clause = as a tarantula wiggled out of his
cheese omelet.
 Infinitive phrase = to get through his three-hour biology lab.
 Participle phrase = gagging with disgust. Prepositional phrase = on the
cafeteria tray.
 Absolute phrase = a sight requiring a year of therapy before Stephen
could eat eggs again.
Types of modifiers/adjuncts

 Modifiers can play the roles of adjectives or adverbs.

Modifiers As Adjectives

When a modifier is an adjective, it modifies a noun or a pronoun. (In

these examples, the modifiers are shaded, and the words being modified
are bold).

 Lee caught a small mackerel.

(Here, the adjective small modifies the noun mackerel.)

 Lee caught a small mackerel.

(Don't forget that articles (i.e., the, an, and a) are adjectives too.
Here, a modifies the noun mackerel as does small.)

 Lee caught another one.

(Here, the adjective another modifies the pronoun one.)

 Modifiers As Adverbs

When a modifier is an adverb, it modifies a verb, an adjective, or another

adverb. For example:

 Lee accidentally caught a small whelk.

(Here, the adverb accidentally modifies the verb caught.)

 Lee caught an incredibly small mackerel.

(Here, the adverb incredibly modifies the adjective small.)

 Lee supposedly accidentally caught a small whelk.

(Here, the adverb supposedly modifies the adverb accidentally.)

 A Modifier Can Be a Phrase or a Clause
Don't forget that phrases and clauses can play the roles of adjectives
and adverbs too. For example:

 Lee caught a mackerel smaller than a Mars bar.

(This is an adjective phrase modifying the noun mackerel.)

 Lee caught a mackerel of tiny proportions.

(This is a prepositional phrase functioning as an adjective. It modifies

the noun mackerel.)

 Lee caught a mackerel which was smaller than a Mars bar.

(This is an adjective clause modifying mackerel.)

 When alone, Lee tried to catch mackerel.

(This is an adverbial phrase (of time) modifying the verb tried.)

 When we left him alone, Lee set up his rod to catch mackerel.

(This is an adverbial clause (of time) modifying the verb set up.)
Participle phrases as modifiers
A participle phrases is a groups of words that function as adjectives to modify nouns.
Participle phrases begin with a present or past participle.

Participle Phrase Examples:

 The boy riding up and down the street is tired.

 The underlined participle phrase starts with the present participle “riding”
 The participle phrase modifies the noun, boy

 The cabinets stuffed to the brim needed to be organized.

 The underlined participle phrase starts with the past participle “stuffed”
 The participle phrase modifies the noun, cabinets
 Modifier Types: Pre and post modifiers

Modifiers may come either before or after the modified element

(the head), depending on the type of modifier.

1. A modifier placed before the head is called a premodifier;

For example, in land mines, the word land is a premodifier of
mines,
2. one placed after the head is called a postmodifier. For
example, in the phrase mines in wartime, the word in
wartime is a postmodifier of mines.
A head may have a number of modifiers, and these may
include both premodifiers and postmodifiers. For example:
 thatnice tall man from Canada whom you met ( both pre &
post)
 Inthis noun phrase, man is the head, nice and tall are
premodifiers, and from Canada and whom you met are
postmodifiers.
 Noticethat in English, simple adjectives are usually used as
premodifiers. Sometimes placement of the adjective after
the noun entails a change of meaning: compare a
responsible person and the person responsible.
.
 It was [a nice house]. (adjective modifying a noun, in a noun phrase)
 [The swiftly flowing waters] carried it away. (adjectival phrase, in this
case a participial phrase, modifying a noun in a noun phrase)
 She's [the woman with the hat]. (adjectival phrase, in this case a
prepositional phrase, modifying a noun in a noun phrase)
 I saw [the man whom we met yesterday]. (adjectival clause, in this
case a relative clause, modifying a noun in a noun phrase)
 His desk was in [the faculty office]. (noun adjunct modifying a noun in a
noun phrase)
 [Put it gently in the drawer]. (adverb in verb phrase)
 He was [very gentle]. (adverb in adjective phrase)
 She set it down [very gently]. (adverb in adverb phrase)
 [Even more] people were there. (adverb modifying a determiner)
 It ran [right up the tree]. (adverb modifying a prepositional phrase)
 [Only the dog] was saved. (adverb modifying a noun phrase)

 In some cases, noun phrases or quantifiers can act as modifiers:

 [A few more] workers are needed. (quantifier modifying a determiner)
 She's [two inches taller than her sister]. (noun phrase modifying an
adjective)
7.Linking Verbs
 What are ACTION verbs?
An action verb is a verb that describes an action, like
run, jump, kick, eat, break, cry, smile, or think.

 What are linking verbs?

A verb which establishes a link between subject and
complement is called linking verb. These are
basically ‘be’ and ‘sense’ verb.
 Here are some examples of action verbs in sentences.

Greg is kicking the ball now. The action verb is kicking. It

describes what Greg is doing.
The wind blows constantly in The action verb is blows. It
Chicago describes what the wind does
He accepted my apology The action verb is accepted. It
describes what 'he' did.

 Linking verb
 A linking verb is a verb that links (connects) the subject to complement
(information about that subject). Linking verbs do not describe action. These are
basically ‘be’ and ‘sense’ verb.

Ex: Ceila is a shopaholic.

 ‘Is’ isn't something that Ceila can do. Is connects the subject, Ceila, to additional
information about her, that she will soon have a huge credit card bill to pay.
 How do you tell when they are action verbs and when they are linking verbs?

 If you can substitute am, is, or are and the sentence still
sounds logical, you have a linking verb on your hands.
 If, after the substitution, the sentence makes no sense, you
are dealing with an action verb instead. Here are some
examples:

I smell the delicious aroma of a mushroom and papaya

pizza baking in the oven.
 I am the aroma? No way! Smell, in this sentence, is an action verb, something I
am doing.
 Themushroom and papaya pizza smells
heavenly.
 The pizza is heavenly? Definitely! Try a slice!

 When my dog Oreo felt the wet grass beneath

her paws, she bolted up the stairs and curled
up on the couch.
 Oreo is the wet grass? Of course not! Here, then, felt
is an action verb, something Oreo is doing.
 ALWAYS linking verbs

 Some verbs are ALWAYS linking verbs because they never describe an action.
 Other verbs can be linking verbs in some sentences and action verbs in other
sentences.
 The following three verbs are ALWAYS linking verbs

to be (is, am, are, was, were, has been, have been, had been,
is being, are being, was being, will have been, etc.)

to become (become, becomes, became, has become, have

become, had become, will become, will have become, etc.)

to seem (seemed, seeming, seems, has seemed, have

seemed, had seemed, is seeming, are seeming, was seeming,
were seeming, will seem)
 Here are some examples of linking verbs that are ALWAYS linking verbs
in sentences:

“The box is red.” 'Is' is a linking verb that connects the

subject, ball, to information about that
subject (that it is red).

“The children are smart.” 'Are' is a linking verb that connects the
subject, children, to information about that
subject (that they are smart).

“The child will be tall five years 'Will be' is the linking verb connecting
from now.” 'child' to the fact that he will be 'tall five
years from now

“The cat seems fine.” 'Seems' links the subject, cat, with
information about the cat (that it is fine).

“The dog became thin after his 'Became' links the subject, the dog, with
surgery.” information about him (that he became
thin).
both ACTION and LINKING verbs

 There are verbs that can be linking verbs in SOME

sentences, but are action verbs in other sentences. One
way to determine if the verb is functioning as an action
verb or a linking verb is to substitute the word “is” for
the verb in question. If the sentence still makes sense,
then it is probably a linking verb. If the sentence would
not make sense with the word “is,” then it is probably an
action verb in the sentence.
 The following are examples of verbs that
can be linking verbs in some sentences and
action verbs in other sentences:
 look
 smell
 appear
 prove
 sound
 Feel
 remain
 taste
 Grow
Used as Linking Explanation
Verbs
Jane appeared uninjured after the You could substitute the word 'is,' for the word
'appears,' and the sentence would still make
accident. sense: "Jane is uninjured after the accident."
This lets you know that appeared is a linking
verb in this sentence.

The cake smells good! This sentence describes the cake. “Smells” is a
linking verb in this sentence. It connects the
subject, cake, with information about that
subject—it smells good.

The woman grew silent. This sentence may seem confusing. Remember
that the word “grow” has more than one
meaning! In this sentence, “grew” means
BECAME. The woman became silent.
Used as Action Verbs Explanation
Before I could leave, Jane In this sentence, appeared is not linking
anything. It is telling the action that Jane did.
appeared. She appeared, or showed up.

Ellen smells the cake. The word, smells is not linking anything. If you
replaced smells with 'is' the sentence would not
make sense. That means smells must be an
action verb in this sentence. Ellen performed the
action of smelling the cake.

The gardener grew some The word, grew, is not linking two things together
here. If you tried to replace grew with 'is' the
flowers. sentence would not make sense. This means
that grew must be an action verb. The gardener
performed the action of growing some flowers.
8.Determiners
Determiners are words that determine or
limit the meaning of a noun. A word or a
group of words that introduces a noun.
Determiners are functional classes not
formal word classes.

 used to modify a noun.

 followed by a noun**
Types of determiners
 Articles
 Demonstratives
 Possessives PRONOUNS

 Quantifiers
 Numbers
 Pronouns – Are they determiners?

 Yes...Possessive pronouns and Demonstrative

 pronouns (this, that, these, those) can be used as
 determiners only when they will be followed by a
 noun, otherwise not.
Articles
 The definite and indefinite articles are all
determiners.
 Definite article - the
 Indefinite
article - a or an (a is used before a
consonant sound; an is used before a vowel
sound.)

 Examples:
 Close the door, please.
 I've got a friend in Canada.
Demonstratives
 There are four demonstrative determiners in English
and they are: this, that, these and those

 Note that demonstrative determiners can also be used

as demonstrative pronouns. When they are used as
determiners they are followed by the nouns they
modify. Compare:

 This is my camera. (Demonstrative used as a

pronoun, subject of the verb is)
 This camera is mine. (Demonstrative used as a
determiner modifying the noun camera.)
Possessives
 Possessive adjectives - my, your, his, her, its, our, your,
their - modify the noun following it in order to show
possession.
 Possessive determiners are different from possessive pronouns
- mine, his, hers, yours, ours, their.
 Possessive pronouns can stand alone and are not followed by
nouns.
 Possessive determiners, on the other hand, are followed by
nouns.
 Compare:
 This is my house. (my is a possessive determiner. It is
followed by the noun house which it modifies)
Is that car yours? (yours is a possessive pronoun. It is not
followed by a noun.)
Quantifiers
 followed by nouns which they modify.
 Examples : some, any, few, little, more, much, many,
each, every, both, all, enough, half, little, whole, less
etc.
 commonly used before either countable or
uncountable nouns.
 Heknows more people than his wife.
Little knowledge is a dangerous thing .
With uncountable With countable
nouns nouns
With both

Much Many All/enough

A little/a bit A few More/less

A great deal of A number of/several No/not any

A large amount of A majority/great Some/any

number of
A large quantity of A large number of Lot of/plenty of
Numbers

 Cardinal numbers:
One, two, 100
Ex:She owns one umbrella.

 Ordinal numbers:
First, second, last
Ex: That is the second time he has done that.
 Multipliers:

double ,twice, three times

EX: She brought double the amount we need

 Fractions:

Three-fourths, two fifths

Ex: Three-fourth of the population of Morocco consists
of young people.
In the text below, select all determiners

While he was wearying every one with his

tears and complaints, and turning his house
into a sink of debauchery, a faithful servant of
the family, Grigory, took the three-year-old
Mitya into his care.

 There are at least six/seven determiners in this

sentence.
Other functional elements

9.Phrases
10. Clauses
Sentence Types
(Structurally)
Simple Sentence
- Subject + Verb (S+V) : must have at least one subject and
one verb.
- composed of a single independent clause & must have a
complete thought.
- consists of one or more subjects or one or more verbs.

example:
a. The bird built a nest made of twigs and leaves for its young.
(1S, 1V)
b. The actress cried and laughed at the same time. (1S, 2V)
C. Pam and Tony were given awards by the school principal.
(2S, 1V)
Complex Sentence
- Independent Clause + Dependent Clause (I+D)
- It contains one independent clause (I) and one or more
dependent clauses (D) joined by a subordinating
conjunction.
Example #1
[complex] He went abroad because he wanted to earn
money.
[independent] He went abroad
[dependent] because he wanted to earn money.
Example #2
[complex] The school which was built ten years ago was
already renovated when I saw it.
[independent] The school was already renovated
Compound Sentence
-Independent Clause + Independent Clause (I+I)
- For a sentence to be classified as a compound sentence it must have
at least two independent clauses combined by a coordinating
conjunction.
- Two or more simple sentences, when put together, can make up a
compound sentence.

example:
a. She dictated, and I typed. (I+I)
[the coordinating conjunction and joins the two independent clauses]
b. The meal was expensive, but it was spoiled, so I
threw it.
[the coordinating conjunction but and so join the three independent
clauses.]
Compound Sentence

Coordinating Conj Subordinating Conj

after before though while
*FANBOYS
although even till
 for as though unless
 and  or as if if until
as long as in order that when
 nor  yet
as soon as since where
 but  so so that
as though whenever
that
because wherever
Compound Complex Sentences
- Independent Clause + Independent Clause + Dependent Clause
(I+I+D)
- This contains two or more independent clauses and one or more
dependent clauses.

Example #1
[compound complex] We can talk about anything, and we will go
anywhere just as long as we are together.
[independent] We can talk about anything
[independent] we will go anywhere
[dependent] just as long as we are together.
Compound Complex Sentences
Example #2
[compound complex] When afternoon comes, most employees chat in the Internet and
write e-mail, but others prefer to eat their snack.
[dependent] When afternoon comes
[independent] most employees chat in the Internet and write e-mail.
[independent] but others prefer to eat their snacks.

Example #3

[compound complex] The school, which was built ten years ago, was vey
popular, yet I saw it torn down.
[independent] The school was very popular
[dependent] which was built ten years ago
[independent] I saw it torn down.
Structural and functional categories ex:
 Gautam lost his job while his wife had won a lottery
Sentence

Subject verb object adverbial

Dependent
clause

 Gautam lost his job while his wife had

won a
lottery

Main clause subordinate clause