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CHAPTER 1 Feedback Amplifiers

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16 views20 pages

CHAPTER 1 Feedback Amplifiers

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etefanagasa4
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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WALLAGA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY


SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Course Title: Applied Electronics II

By: Terefe Bayisa


CHAPTER 1: FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
• An Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) is an integrated circuit that uses
external voltage to amplify the input through a very high gain.
• We recognize an Op-Amp as a mass-produced component found in
countless electronics.
• We recognize an Op-Amp as a mass-produced component found in
countless electronics.

• What is feedback amplifier?


• If an amplifier has feedback path exists from output to input then that
amplifier is termed as Feedback amplifier. Feed back is the parameter
which quantifies the amount of feedback given in a feedback amplifier.
• Feedback factor = Feedback signal/input signal.
Cont…
• Operational amplifiers are linear devices that have all
the properties required for nearly ideal DC amplification
and are therefore used extensively in signal conditioning,
filtering or to perform mathematical operations such as
add, subtract, integration and differentiation.
• An Operational Amplifier, or op-amp for short, is
fundamentally a voltage amplifying device designed to
be used with external feedback components such as
resistors and capacitors between its output and input
terminals
Cont…
• An Operational Amplifier is basically a three-terminal device
which consists of two high impedance inputs. One of the
inputs is called the Inverting Input, marked with a negative or
“minus” sign, ( – ). The other input is called the Non-inverting
Input, marked with a positive or “plus” sign ( + ).
• A third terminal represents the operational amplifiers output
port which can both sink and source either a voltage or a
current
Cont…
In a linear operational amplifier, the output signal is the
amplification factor, known as the amplifiers gain ( A )
multiplied by the value of the input signal and depending on
the nature of these input and output signals, there can be
four different classifications of operational amplifier gain.
 Voltage – Voltage “in” and Voltage “out”
 Current – Current “in” and Current “out”
 Transconductance – Voltage “in” and Current “out”
 Transresistance – Current “in” and Voltage “out”
Since most of the circuits dealing with operational
amplifiers are voltage amplifiers, we will limit the tutorials
in this section to voltage amplifiers only, (Vin and Vout).
Cont…
OPAMP Pin Configuration:
In a typical Op Amp there will be 8 pins. These are
Pin1 – Offset Null
Pin2 – Inverting input INV
Pin3 – Non inverting input Non-INV
Pin4 – Ground- Negative supply
Pin5 – Offset Null
Pin6 – Output
Pin7 – Positive supply
Pin8 – Strobe
Op Amp Characteristics
Operational amplifier or op amps as they are usually referred are linear devices that can give
ideal DC amplification. They are fundamentally voltage amplifying devices used with external
feedback components like resistors or capacitors. An op amp is a three terminal device, with
one terminal called the inverting input, other the non-inverting input and the last one is the
output.
Cont…
What is negative and positive feedback?
• If feedback from output to input is given in such in a way that
the introduction of feedback in the amplifier decreases the
overall gain, then the feedback is termed as negative feedback.
• If feedback from output to input is given in such in a way that
the introduction of feedback in the amplifier increases the
overall gain, then the feedback is termed as positive feedback.
• There are 8 pins in a common Op-Amp, like the 741 which is
used in many instructional courses
Cont…

• The actual count varies, but an Op-Amp contains several


Transistors, Resistors, and a few Capacitors and Diodes.
• For simplicity, an Op-Amp is often depicted as this:
Cont…
History of the Op-Amp
Harold S. Black develops the feedback amplifier for the Western Electric Company
(1920-1930)

The Vacuum Tube Age


The First Op-Amp: (1930 – 1940) Designed by Karl Swartzel for the Bell Labs M9 gun
director Uses 3 vacuum tubes, only one input, and ± 350 V to attain a gain of 90 dB
Loebe Julie then develops an Op-Amp with two inputs: Inverting and Non-inverting
Cont…

• Types:
1. Negative feedback.
2. Positive feedback.
Feedback Amplifier
 Depending on the relative polarity of the signal being fed
back into a circuit, one may have negative or positive
feedback.
 Positive feedback drives a circuit into oscillation as in
various types of oscillator circuits.
 Negative feedback results in decreased voltage gain, for
which a number of circuit features are improved.
 Some improvements of negative feedback are :
1. Higher input impedance.
2. Better stabilized voltage gain.
3. Improved frequency response.
4. Lower output impedance.
5. Reduced noise.
6. More linear operation.
Amplifiers Negative Feedback
• Negative feedback in an amplifier is the method of feeding a
portion of the amplified output to the input but in opposite phase.
The phase opposition occurs as the amplifier provides 180o phase
shift whereas the feedback network doesn’t.
• While the output energy is being applied to the input, for the
voltage energy to be taken as feedback, the output is taken in
shunt connection and for the current energy to be taken as
feedback, the output is taken in series connection.
There are two main types of negative feedback circuits. They are
1. Negative Voltage Feedback
2. Negative Current Feedback
Negative Voltage Feedback
• In this method, the voltage feedback to the input of
amplifier is proportional to the output voltage. This is
further classified into two types −
1. Voltage-series feedback
2. Voltage-shunt feedback
Negative Current Feedback
In this method, the voltage feedback to the input of amplifier
is proportional to the output current. This is further classified
into two types.
1. Current-series feedback
2. Current-shunt feedback
Voltage-Series Feedback
• In the voltage series feedback circuit, a fraction of the output
voltage is applied in series with the input voltage through the
feedback circuit. This is also known as shunt-driven series-
fed feedback, i.e., a parallel-series circuit.
• The following figure shows the block diagram of voltage
series feedback, by which it is evident that the feedback circuit
is placed in shunt with the output but in series with the input.

As the feedback circuit is connected in shunt with the output, the output impedance
is decreased and due to the series connection with the input, the input impedance is
increased.
Voltage-Shunt Feedback
• In the voltage shunt feedback circuit, a fraction of the output
voltage is applied in parallel with the input voltage through
the feedback network. This is also known as shunt-driven
shunt-fed feedback i.e., a parallel-parallel proto type.
• The below figure shows the block diagram of voltage shunt
feedback, by which it is evident that the feedback circuit is
placed in shunt with the output and also with the input.

As the feedback circuit is connected in shunt with the output and the input
as well, both the output impedance and the input impedance are decreased.
Current-Series Feedback
• In the current series feedback circuit, a fraction of the output voltage
is applied in series with the input voltage through the feedback
circuit. This is also known as series-driven series-fed feedback i.e.,
a series-series circuit.
• The following figure shows the block diagram of current series
feedback, by which it is evident that the feedback circuit is placed in
series with the output and also with the input.

As the feedback circuit is connected in series with the output and the input as well,
both the output impedance and the input impedance are increased.
Current-Shunt Feedback
• In the current shunt feedback circuit, a fraction of the output
voltage is applied in series with the input voltage through the
feedback circuit. This is also known as series-driven shunt-fed
feedback i.e., a series-parallel circuit.
• The below figure shows the block diagram of current shunt
feedback, by which it is evident that the feedback circuit is placed
in series with the output but in parallel with the input.

As the feedback circuit is connected in series with the output, the output
impedance is increased and due to the parallel connection with the input,
the input impedance is decreased.
Let us now tabulate the amplifier characteristics that get affected by different
types of negative feedbacks.
• Series feedback connections tend to increase
the input resistance, whereas shunt feed-back
connections tend to decrease the input
resistance.
• Voltage feedback tends to decrease the output
impedance, whereas current feedback tends to
increase the output impedance.

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