Electronics II

Center of Biomedical Engineering

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology
Addis Ababa University
Course Objectives:
– To explain electronic circuits and their applications
– To understand concepts of amplifiers, oscillators,
multivibrators and wave shaping of electronic circuits with
the aid of characteristic curves
– To understand the concepts of modulator and
demodulator circuits
– To explain the overview of power semiconductor devices
and converters
– To introduce digital system components and their design
– To introduce IC fabrication techniques
– To simulate electronic circuits using application
packages[Mutisim & PSpice ]
 Course overview
• Feedback Amplifier
• Differtial Amplifier
• Op-Amp
• Oscillator
• Multivibrator
• Wave shaping circuit
• Modulator and Demodulator
• Power semi conductor devices and convertor
• Digital electronics
• IC Fabrication Techniques

3
 Assessment & Grading
• Addis Ababa University Senate Legislation
– Article 79. Grading Rules for Undergraduate
Programs

4
Feedback Amplifier

5
 Content
• Introduction

6
 Introduction
• Any system whether it is electrical, mechanical,
hydraulic or pneumatic may be considered to
have at least one input and one output.
• If the system is to perform smoothly, we must be
able to measure or control output.
• Example:
– If the input is 10m V, gain of the amplifier is 100,
output will be I V. If the input deviates to 9m V or 11
m V, output will be 0.9 V or 1.1 V. So there is no
control over the output.

7
Cont…
• Basic definitions:
– Ideally an amplifier should reproduce the input signal, with
change in magnitude and with or without change in phase.
• But some of the short comings of the amplifier circuit are:

I. Change in the value of the gain due to variation in supplying

voltage, temperature or due to components.
2. Distortion in wave-form due to non linearities in the operating
characters of the amplifying device.
3. The amplifier may introduce noise (undesired signals)

• The above drawbacks can be minimizing if we introduce

feedback

8
 Classification of amplifiers
• Amplifiers can be classified broadly as:

– Voltage amplifiers.
– Current amplifiers.
– Transconductance amplifiers.
– Transresistance amplifiers.

• This classification is with respect to the input and

output impedances relative to the load and
source impedances.
9
 Voltage amplifier

if Ri  Rs
Vi Vo

then Vi  Vs
and if Ro  RL
then
Vo  AvVi  AvVs
Vo
hence Av 
Vi

with RL  
represent the open circuit voltage gain.

10
 Current amplifier

if Ri  Rs
Ii Io

then Ii  I s
and if Ro  RL
then
I o  Ai I i  Ai I s
Io
hence Ai 
Ii

with RL  0
represent the short circuit current gain.

11
 Transconductance amplifier

if Ri  Rs
Vi Io

then Vi  Vs
and if Ro  RL
then
I o  GmVi  GmVs
Io
hence Gm 
Vi

with RL  0
represent the short circuit mutual or
transfer conductance
12
 Transresistance amplifier

if Ri  Rs
Ii Vo

then Ii  I s
and if Ro  RL
then
Vo  Rm I i  Rmis
Vo
hence Rm 
Ii

with RL  
represent the open circuit mutual or
transfer resistance.
13
 Feedback
• Feedback is a technique where a proportion of the output of a
system (amplifier) is fed back and recombined with input.

input A output

14
Classification of Feedback Amplifier

15
 Positive Feedback

• Positive feedback is the process when the output is added to the

input, amplified again, and this process continues.

input A output


 Example. In a PA system, you get feedback when you put the
microphone in front of a speaker and the sound gets uncontrollably
loud (you have probably heard this unpleasant effect.)

16
 Negative Feedback
• Negative feedback is when the output is subtracted from the input.

input A output


 Example. Speed control. If the car starts to speed up above the
desired set-point speed, negative feedback causes the throttle to
close, thereby reducing speed; similarly, if the car slows, negative
feedback acts to open the throttle.
 The use of negative feedback reduces the gain. Part of the output
signal is taken back to the input with a negative sign. [How?]
17
 Feedback concept
• Generalized block schematic

Fig 1 Block diagram of single loop feedback network.

18
Cont…
• It is a passive two port network. It may
contain resistors, capacitors or inductors. But
usually a
• resistance is used as the feedback element.
Here the output current is sampled and
feedback. The
• feedback network is connected in series with
the output. This is called as Current Sampling
or

19
Cont…
Feedback Network

• This block is usually a passive two-port network.

• contain resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
• Usually it is simply a resistive network.

20
 Cont…
Sampling Network
Voltage sample Current sample

• The output voltage is sampled by • The output current is sampled by

connecting the feedback network in connecting the feedback network in
shunt across the output. series with the output

• Type of connection is referred to as • Type of connection is referred to as

voltage or shunt or node sampling. current or series or loop sampling.

21
Cont…
Comparator or Mixer Network
Series mixer Shunt mixer

• voltage - applied feedback • current - applied feedback

• identified as voltage or series • identified as current or shunt or
or loop mixing. node mixing.

22
 Feedback Amplifier Topologies

Series - shunt shunt - series

series - series
shunt - shunt

23
 Feedback Connection Types
There are four basic ways of
connecting the feedback
signal:

•Voltage-series feedback
•Voltage-shunt feedback
•Current-series feedback
•Current-shunt feedback

Fig. 2: Feedback amplifier types: (a) voltage-series feedback; (b)

voltage-shunt feedback; (c) current-series feedback; (d) current-shunt
feedback. 24
Cont…
• Series feedback connections tend to
increase the input resistance, whereas
shunt feedback connections tend to
decrease the input resistance. [How?]

• Voltage feedback tends to decrease the

output impedance, whereas current
feedback tends to increase the output
impedance. [How?]

25
 Gain with Feedback

TABLE 1: Summary of Gain, Feedback, and Gain with Feedback

from Figure 2
Voltage- Voltage- Current- Current-
Series Shunt Series Shunt

Gain without A Vo Vo Io Io
feedback
Vi Ii Vi Ii
Feedback β Vf If Vf If
Vo Vo Io Io
Gain with Af Vo Vo Io Io
feedback
Vs Is Vs Is
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 Voltage-Series Feedback
Figure 2 (a) below shows the voltage-series feedback connection
with a part of the output voltage fed back in series with the input
signal.

If there is no feedback (Vf = 0),

the voltage gain of the amplifier
is
Vo Vo
A 
Vs Vi

If a feedback signal Vf is
connected with the input in
series, the overall voltage gain
is
Vo A
Af   (1-1)
Vs 1  A
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 Voltage-Shunt Feedback

The gain with feedback for the network of Fig. 2 (b) is

A
Af  (1-2)
1  A

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 Input Impedance with Feedback
Voltage-Series Feedback

The input impedance

can be determined as
follows:

Vs
Z if   Z i (1   A)
Ii

(1-3)

Fig. 3: A more detailed voltage-series

feedback connection
29
 Voltage-Shunt Feedback

The input impedance

can be determined to
be:

Zi
Z if 
1  A

(1-4)

Fig. 4: A more detailed voltage-shunt

feedback connection
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 Output Impedance with Feedback

The output impedance for the connections of Fig. 2 is

dependent on whether voltage or current feedback is used.
For voltage feedback, the output impedance is decreased,
whereas current feedback increases the output impedance.

Voltage-Series Feedback

Referring to Fig. 3, the output impedance can be

determined by applying a voltage V, resulting in a current I.
Then the output resistance with feedback is

V Zo
Z of  
I 1  A (1-5)
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 Current-Series Feedback

The output impedance

is determined as

V
Z of 
I

Z of  Z o (1   A)

(1-6)

Fig. 5: A more detailed current-series feedback

connection
32
A summary of the effect of feedback on input and output
impedance is provided in Table 2:

TABLE 2:
Voltage- Current- Voltage- Current-
Series Series Shunt Shunt

Zif Z i (1   A) Z i (1   A) Zi Zi
(increased) (increased) 1  A 1  A
(decreased) (decreased)
Zof Zo Z o (1   A) Zo Z o (1   A)
1  A (increased) 1  A (increased)
(decreased) (decreased)

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Lec-2
34
 Negative Feedback Gain
Xi
Xs
A Xo


Xf 

The gain with feedback (or closed-loop gain) Af as follows:

X o  A. X i Xi  X s  X f
X f   .X o Xo A
Af  
X s 1  A
The quantity A is called the loop gain, and the quantity (1+A)
is called the amount of feedback.

35
 Advantages of Negative Feedback
1. Stabilization of gain
– make the gain less sensitive to changes in circuit
components e.g. due to changes in temperature.
– If you represent the gain without feedback (the open
loop gain) by Ao, then the system gain with negative
feedback is:
Vout Ao 1
Af   
Vin 1  Ao  
– The extent of this stabilizing influence can be illustrated
as follows:

36
Cont…

2. Reduce non-linear distortion

– make the output proportional to the input, keeping the

gain constant, independent of signal level.

37
Cont…
3. Reduce the effect of noise
– minimize the contribution to the output of unwanted
signals generated in circuit components or extraneous
interference.

38
Cont…

• Showing that distortion within the feedback loop is

discriminated against, with more reduction of
distortion which arises near the output.

39
Cont…
4. Extend the bandwidth of the amplifier
– Reduce the gain and increase the bandwidth

Ao
Af 
1  Ao 

40
Cont…
5. Modification the input and output impedances
– raise or lower the input and output impedances by
selection of the appropriate feedback topology.
i) Input Resistance
• The input resistance with negative feedback will be raised for series or
voltage mixing.
Vi
Zi 
Ii
Ii  I s  I f

Vs
Z if   Z i 1  A
Ii
41
Cont…

Input Resistance
• The input resistance with negative feedback will be raised for series or
voltage mixing.

Vi
Zi 
Ii

Vi  Vs  V f

Vs
Z if   Z i 1  A
Ii

42
Cont…

Input Resistance
• The input resistance with negative feedback will be lowered for shunt or
current mixing.
Vi
Zi 
Ii
Ii  I s  I f

Vi Zi
Z if  
I s 1  A

43
Cont…

Output Resistance
• The output resistance with negative feedback will be lowered for
shunt or voltage sampling.
Let X s  0
replaced load with test voltage
X i   X f  Vt

vt  AX i vt  Av t vt 1  A
it   
Ro Ro Ro

vt Ro
Z of  
it 1  A

44
Cont…

Output Resistance
• The output resistance with negative feedback will be raised for
series or current sampling.

The output resistance with feedback for current

or series sampling to be:

Z of  Ro 1  A

Summary
For a series connection at input or output, the resistance is increased by (1+A)
and
For a shunt connection at input or output, the resistance is lowered by (1+A).

45
 Practical Feedback Circuits
Voltage-Series Feedback
The feedback voltage Vf is
connected in series with
the source signal Vs, their
difference being the input
signal Vi.
Without feedback the
amplifier gain is

Vo
A   g m RL (1-7)
Vi
where,
Fig. 6: FET amplifier with voltage-series g = transconductance
m
feedback. factor 46
Whereas RL is combination of resistors:
Ro RD
RL  RD Ro ( R1  R2 ) 
Ro  RD
The feedback network provides a feedback factor of
Vf R2
 
Vo R1  R2
Using the values of A and β, we find the gain with negative feedback
to be
A  g m RL
Af  
1   A 1  R2 RL g m
R1  R2
If βA >>1, we have 1 R1  R2
Af    (1-8)
 R2 47
Current-Series Feedback

Fig. 7: (a) a single transistor amplifier circuit and

(b) ac equivalent circuit without feedback
The feedback voltage VE is resulted in by the current through
resistor RE.
48
Without Feedback
Referring to the Fig. 7 and summarized in Table 2, we have

Io  I b h fe  h fe
A   (1-9)
Vi I b hie  I b RE hie  RE

Vf  I o RE
    RE (1-10)
Io Io
The input and output impedances are, respectively,

Zi  RB //( hie  RE )  hie  RE

(1-11)

Z o  RC (1-12)
49
With Feedback

Io A  h fe / hie  h fe
Af     (1-13)
Vs 1   A   h fe  hie  h fe RE
1  ( RE ) 
 hie  RE 
The input and output impedances are calculated as specified
in Table 2,

 h fe RE 
Z if  Z i (1   A)  hie 1    hie  h fe RE (1-14)
 hie 

 h fe RE 
Z of  Z o (1   A)  RC 1   (1-15)
 hie 
50
The voltage gain A with feedback is

Vo I o RC  I o   h fe RC
Avf      RC  A f RC  (1-16)
Vs Vs  Vs  hie  h fe RE

51
Voltage-Shunt Feedback
Fig. 8: Voltage-shunt negative
feedback amplifier: (a) constant-
gain circuit; (b) equivalent circuit.

Referring to Fig. 8 and Table 1

and the op-amp ideal
characteristics Ii = 0, Vi = 0, and
voltage gain of infinity, for a
constant-gain we have:
Vo
A  (1-17)
Ii

1
If
  (1-18)
Vo Ro 52
The gain with feedback is then

Vo Vo A 1
Af       Ro
I s Ii 1   A  (1-19)

The more usual gain is the voltage gain with feedback,

Vo I s 1  Ro
Avf   ( Ro ) 
I s V1 R1 R1 (1-20)

53
Fig. 9: Voltage-shunt feedback amplifier using an FET: (a) circuit;
(b) equivalent circuit.

54
With no feedback, Vf = 0,

Vo
A   g m RD RS
Ii (1-21)

The feedback is,

1
If
  (1-22)
Vo RF
With feedback, the gain of the circuit is,

Vo A  g m RD RS
Af    (1-23)
I s 1   A 1  (1 / RF )( g m RD RS )
55
Or,
 g m RD RS RF
Af 
RF  g m RD RS (1-24)

The voltage gain of the circuit with feedback is then

Vo I s  g m RD RS RF  1 
Avf    
I s Vs RF  g m RD RS  RS 

 g m RD RF
Avf  (1-25)
RF  g m RD RS
56
 Lec-3
ANALYSIS OF FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

57