Cloud Computing

Topic : Historical Developments

By Under Guidance of
Nandan M - 1VI21CS064 Ms. Vijayashree H P
Assistant. Professor
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INDEX
• Introduction
• Five Core Technologies
• Distributed Systems
• Virtualization
• Web 2.0
• Service Orientation
• Utility Computing

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INTRODUCTION
• Cloud computing, which is fundamentally a collection of large distributed computing facilities, has
evolved significantly over the past several decades. The concept of renting computing services and
leveraging large-scale distributed systems dates back to the mainframe era of the early 1950s.
• These systems were the first examples of centralized, powerful computational resources that could handle
massive input/output operations and were primarily used by large organizations for bulk data processing
and transaction handling.
• These technological milestones reflect the ongoing progression from large, centralized computing
resources (like mainframes) to the distributed, scalable, and on-demand services that we rely on today.
• Key developments such as cluster computing, grid computing, and the advent of Web 2.0 have
dramatically reshaped how computing resources are shared, accessed, and utilized globally.

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 Evolution Of
Distributed
Computing
Technologies

Cloud Computing

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Five Core Technologies

• Distributed Systems
• Virtualization
• Web 2.0
• Service Orientation
• Utility Computing

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Distributed Systems
• Distributed systems are the foundation of cloud computing, allowing multiple independent computers to work
together as a unified system. These systems enable large-scale, decentralized resources to function as a single
service to the user.
• Milestones in Distributed Systems
Mainframe Computing: Early large-scale computers used by organizations for data processing and bulk tasks,
laying the groundwork for centralized resource sharing.
Cluster Computing: In the 1980s, commodity machines were linked via high-speed networks, offering a cost-effective
alternative to mainframes and enabling distributed systems.
Grid Computing: In the 1990s, computational resources from different locations were pooled together, similar to a
power grid, allowing for scalable, on-demand resource access.

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Virtualization
• Virtualization is a technology that abstracts and simulates fundamental computing resources such as
hardware, runtime environments, storage, and networking to create virtual environments .
• Virtualization has existed for over 40 years but was initially limited by inefficient technologies.
• Early examples include replicating runtime environments for programs, such as process virtual machines
like the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) or .NET runtime.
• Creates virtual machines (VMs) that simulate physical hardware and isolate applications, Enables finer
control over resources while providing efficient resource utilization, Supports running multiple operating
systems on a single physical machine.
• The most common example of virtualization is hardware virtualization.

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Web 2.0
• Web 2.0 refers to the second generation of web technologies and services that emphasize user interaction,
collaboration, and dynamic content creation. It transformed the web into an interactive platform for
application development and user-driven innovation.
• Dynamic Content: Web pages update in real time without reloading, enhancing user experience.
• Rich Internet Applications (RIAs): Offer desktop-like functionalities in web browsers using AJAX and
other technologies.
• RSS (Really Simple Syndication): Distributes dynamic updates to users, improving content accessibility.
• Integration with SaaS: Powers platforms like Salesforce and Office 365 for business operations.
• Examples : Social Networking: Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Instagram., Collaborative Tools: Google
Docs, Microsoft Office 365, Wikipedia.

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Service Orientation
• Service orientation is a design paradigm where applications and systems are built using loosely coupled,
reusable services. These services are platform-independent, self-describing components that can perform
specific tasks or processes.
• Services are accessed through well-defined interfaces, making them independent of the underlying technology
or platform.
• Service Oriented Architecture (SOA): A framework based on service orientation that organizes and utilizes
distributed services to support business processes.
• Software-as-a-Service (SaaS):A key application of service orientation where software applications are
delivered as services over the internet.
• Quality of Service (QoS): Measures a service’s performance, reliability, security, and availability.

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Utility Computing
• Utility computing is a service provisioning model where computing resources such as storage, processing
power, and infrastructure are packaged and delivered on a pay-per-use basis. It parallels traditional utilities like
electricity, water, and gas, offering scalable and on-demand access to computational resources.
• First conceptualized by John McCarthy in 1961 during an MIT centennial speech. He envisioned computing as
a public utility accessible to all.
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Offers virtualized hardware resources like servers, storage, and networking
on-demand. Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure.
• Software as a Service (SaaS): Provides software applications over the internet on a subscription or rental basis.
Examples: Salesforce, Google Workspace.
• Platform as a Service (PaaS): Delivers development platforms and tools for building and deploying
applications. Examples: Heroku, Google App Engine.
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THANK YOU

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