Scribd
Upload
14 views19 pages

Mto 011

Uploaded by

abra ham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views19 pages

Mto 011

Uploaded by

abra ham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

WOLLO UNIVERISTY

Kombolcha Institute of Technology


Chemical Engineering Department

Course Title: Mass Transfer


Course Code: ChEg3214
Year 3, Semester II

Course Coordinator: H A F TAY. G ( M S c . )

CHAPTER ONE: Introduction To Mass Transfer


Introduction To Mass Transfer Operation

 Almost all chemical processes require preliminary purification of the


raw materials or separations of products from byproducts.
 Separations of chemical mixtures into their constituents have been
practiced for a long time.
 Extract metals from ores, perfumes from flowers, and dyes from plants.

 Salt by evaporation of the seawater, distilled liquor


What is a mass
transfer?
 Net movement of a component in a mixture from one location to another location in the

presence of a concentration gradient or partial pressure till the concentration gradient reduces
to zero.

 Common example: a lump of sugar added to a cup of tea which dissolves and then diffuses

throughout the tea cup uniformly,

 Filtration of solids from a suspension in liquid, separation of particle sizes by the screening

 Fragrance spreads uniformly, drying clothes under the sun (the moisture diffuses into air)
Cont.,..
common examples of mass transfer in our everyday life

diffusion of smoke discharged by a tall chimney into the atmosphere, a drop of ink
diffusing in a glass of still water, evaporation of a drop of perfume in a room,

Coffee dissolves in water

humidification of air flowing over a spray pond or cooling tower,

mixing of diesel or petrol with air inside an internal combustion engine, diffusion

welding of metals,
Classification Of Mass Transfer Operation

 Mass transfer operations can be classified based on different perspectives:


Nature of the process,
Phases involved, and
Mechanisms driving mass transfer
Classification Of Mass Transfer Operation

1. Based on Phases Involved: c. Liquid-Liquid Operations:

a. Gas-Liquid Operations: Liquid-Liquid Extraction: Transfer of solutes


from one liquid phase to another, often using a solvent.
Absorption: Transfer of a component from
Leaching: Removal of solutes from a solid into a
a gas phase to a liquid phase.
liquid phase.
Stripping: The reverse of absorption, d. Solid-Liquid Operations:
involving the transfer of a component from a Filtration: Separation of solid particles from a
liquid phase to a gas phase. liquid by passing the mixture through a porous
medium.
b. Gas-Solid Operations:
Precipitation: Formation of solid particles from a
Adsorption: Adherence of gas molecules to liquid phase.
the surface of a solid. e. Solid-Gas Operations:
Absorption onto Solids: Similar to Drying: Removal of liquid from a solid by
adsorption, but the solute is absorbed into the exposing it to a gas phase, often using heated air.
Classification Of Mass Transfer Operation
2 .Based on Nature of the Process: 3. Based on Mechanism:
a. Diffusion Operations: a. Adsorption Operations:
Gas-phase diffusion: Movement of components
within a gas.
Gas-solid adsorption: Adhesion of gas molecules
to the surface of a solid.
Liquid-phase diffusion: Movement of components
within a liquid. Liquid-solid adsorption: Similar to gas-solid
Solid-phase diffusion: Movement of components adsorption but involving a liquid phase.
within a solid. b. Crystallization Operations:
b. Convection Operations: Precipitation: Formation of solid particles from a
Forced convection: Mass transfer enhanced by liquid phase.
external means, such as mechanical agitation.
Crystallization from Solution: Formation of
Natural convection: Mass transfer due to density
crystals from a solution.
differences, often caused by temperature gradients.
c. Membrane Separation Operations:
Gas permeation: Movement of gases through a
selective membrane.
Reverse osmosis: Separation of components in a
Properties of Mixtures
Mass transfer always involves mixtures.
Concentration

 Concentration is a key parameter in the context of mass transfer, representing


the amount of a substance (solute) in a given volume of space or within a
Sum of mass fractions
phase.
mass concentration:

mass concentration for component i


mass fractions
=
Total mass concentration
 molar concentration mole fraction of a component i
molar concentration of component i in the liquid phase or solid

Total molar concentration mole fraction of a component i


in gas mixture
Total molar concentration for
ideal gas mixture Sum of mole fractions
Diffusion Velocities

 Diffusion velocity refers to the rate at which particles or molecules move from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration through a medium.
Mass average velocity
- Defined in terms of the mass concentration.
molar average velocity
Defined in terms of the molar concentration
Different Modes of Mass Transfer
There are basically two modes of mass transfer:

(i) Mass Transfer by Diffusion - the transport of mass by random


molecular motion in laminar flowing fluids is known as mass transfer
by 'diffusion’
Mass transfer by diffusion occurs due to (a) concentration gradient, (b)
temperature gradient, and (c) hydrostatic pressure difference.
Diffusion Mass Transfer

 Diffusion refers to the spontaneous movement of particles (atoms, molecules, or


ions) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
 It occurs due to random thermal motion and does not require the presence of an
external force Molecular Diffusion Convectional Diffusion
Movement (transport) of Movement (transport) of molecules by using
molecules randomly external force

Rate of transport by molecular diffusion is high in gases, less in liquids and


negligible in solids

It is slow operation It is fast operation

It is a mechanism at stationary Mechanism of transport by generating


fluids turbulence
Cont.,..
(ii) Convective Mass Transfer - the rate of molecular diffusion of mass can be
accelerated by the bulk motion of the fluid.
Mass can be transported between the boundary of a surface and a moving fluid

(drying of clothes, molecular diffusion of a sugar cube in a cup of coffee by stirring,


moist air flowing over the surface of an ocean and precipitation on a dry land etc.),
or between two moving fluids which are relatively immiscible (formation of
clouds, vaporization of water in a tea kettle).
This mechanism of mass transfer is called 'convective mass transfer' and is
analogous to heat transfer by convection (free or forced).
Cont.,..
Fick's First Law of Diffusion:
The fundamental equation (one-dimensional) of molecular diffusion is known as Fick's
law.
 defines the diffusion flux of a component A in an isothermal, isobaric binary
system is proportional to the concentration gradient in a particular direction.
 Consider a diffusion of component A only in x direction this can be represented by

 It has units of amount of material diffused per unit area per unit time
• = concentration of A
• x = distance of diffusion
• = diffusion coefficient or the diffusivity of component A in B.
• Unit of diffusion coefficient is meter square per second.
 When the total pressure (P) is constant and if gas mixture is ideal; The mutual diffusivities of species A and B
are equal (= )
• Fig. 1 Diffusion of species A in to
species B
• net transfer of mass from the
region of higher concentration to
the region of lower concentration.
• Fg 2,Dependence of diffusion on
concentration profile
Diffusion in Gases, Liquids and
Solids
• Diffusion in Liquids and Solids - Diffusion in liquids occurs at much
slower rate than in gases
• Diffusion in solids is much slower than in liquids
Mass Transfer Coefficient Concept And
Classifications
 The mass transfer coefficient is defined as

- Rate of mass transfer is proportional to the concentration driving force

- Rate of mass transfer is proportional to the area of contact between the


phases.

 If WA = rate of mass transfer( kmole / s)of solute A

∆CA = concentration driving force between two points

a = area of mass transfer

WA ∞ a∆CA ,

k c is the proportionality constant and it is called the

mass transfer coefficient


Types of Mass Transfer Coefficients
 Convective mass transfer can occur in a gas or in a liquid medium, but it does
not occur in a solid medium.
 In these two cases a few choices of the driving force can be written,
- Difference in concentration.
- Difference in partial pressure
- Difference in molar fraction.
 In case of the heat transfer the temperature difference is the only driving force.
Analysis among Mass, Heat and Momentum Transfer
Analogies among mass, heat and momentum transfer have their origin

To explore those analogies, it could be understood that the diffusion of


mass and conduction of heat obey very similar equations.
the Fick’s Law as, heat conduction by Fourier’s law as(k is the thermal
conductivity ) and momentum transfer as given by Newton’s law is

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy