DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS

INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATION

AND NETWORKS

Dr. B. Leelavathi
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Technology
Dr. N.G.P. ARTS AND SCIENCE
COLLEGE
Dr. N.G.P.-KALAPATTI ROAD
COIMBATORE-641 048
Tamil Nadu, India

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 CONTENTS
•Syllabus
•Introduction
•Fundamental concepts
•Data communications
•Protocols
•Standards
• Standard organisations
•Signal propagations

Dr.N.G.P. Arts and Science College

Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu, India
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 SYLLABUS
17UCT53A COREVIII: DATACOMMUNICATIONAND NETWORKS
SEMESTER-V TotalCredits:5
•

• UNITI
•
• IntroductiontoDataCommunicationsandNetworking–InformationEncoding
• –Analog and DigitalTransmission Methods.
•
• UNITII
•
• ModesofDataTransmission andMultiplexing-Transmission Errors: Introduction –ErrorClassification
-Typesoferror-ErrorDetection and Correction
• Transmission Media:GuidedMedia,UnguidedMedia–NetworkTopologies: Mesh,Star,Tree,Ring,Bus–
Switching:Circuitswitching,Messageswitching, Packetswitching.
•
• UNITIII
•
• Routing Algorithms:Routers and Routing – Factors affecting Routing Algorithms–
RoutingAlgorithms -Network ProtocolsandOSIModel- IntegratedServicesDigitalNetwork(ISDN).
•
•

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• UNITIV
•
• Internetworking Concepts:Introduction–TheProblemsinInternetworking- InternetworkingDevices- Introductionto TCP/
IP,IP,ARP,RARP,ICMP
•
•
• UNITV
•
• TCP:Features ofTCP,RelationshipbetweenTCPandIP,PortsandSockets,TCP connections,
WhatmakesTCPReliable,TCPPacketFormat–UserDatagram Protocol(UDP): UDP Packet,DifferencebetweenUDP andTCP–
DomainName System(DNS)–ElectronicMail(Email)–FileTransferProtocol(FTP).
•
TEXTBOOK:
•
• 1. AchyutS. Godbole.2007. DATA COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS,TataMcGrawHillPublications.
•
•
• REFERENCEBOOKS:
•
• 1. BehrouzA. Forouzan.19threprint, 2007. DATA COMMUNICATIONS ANDNETWORKING –
SECONDEDITIONUPDATE,TataMcGraw-Hill Publication.
• 2.AndrewS.Tanenbaum.3rdEdition,2000.COMPUTERNETWORKS, PrenticeHallofIndia.
•

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 INTRODUCTION

• DEFINITION :
• Data communication can be defined as the exchange of
information between two computers.

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 Internet

• A network of networks is called an internetwork, or simply

the internet.
• It is the largest network in existence on this planet.
• The internet hugely connects all WANs and it can have
connection to LANs and Home networks.
• Internet uses TCP/IP protocol suite and uses IP as its
addressing protocol. Present day, Internet is widely
implemented using IPv4., it is gradually migrating from IPv4
to IPv6.
• Internet enables its users to share and access enormous
amount of information worldwide.
• It uses WWW, FTP, email services, audio and video streaming
etc. At huge level, internet works on Client-Server model.
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 MODEM

• Short for modulator/demodulator, a modem is a hardware device that

allows a computer to send and receive information over telephone lines.

•When sending a signal, the device converts ("modulates") digital data to an

analog audio signal, and transmits it over a telephone line.

•Similarly, when an analog signal is received, the modem converts it back

("demodulates" it) to a digital signal.

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 What is a Multiplexer and De-multiplexer?

Multiplexer
Multiplexer is a device that has multiple inputs and a single line output. The select lines
determine which input is connected to the output, and also to increase the amount of data
that can be sent over a network within certain time. It is also called a data selector.

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 De-multiplexer

•De-multiplexer is also a device with one input and multiple output lines.

• It is used to send a signal to one of the many devices.

•The main difference between a multiplexer and a de-multiplexer is that a

multiplexer takes two or more signals and encodes them on a wire, whereas a de-
multiplexer does reverse to what the multiplexer does.

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Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu, India
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 Transmission media

In network communications, a transmission medium is a physical

connection or an interface between the transmitter and the receiver.
There are two major categories of transmission media, namely guided
and wireless (or unguided).

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•Data communications refers to the transmission of this
digital data between two or more computers .
• A computer network or data network is a
telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data.

... The best-known computer network is the Internet.

3 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS
•CORRECT DELIVERY
•ACCURATE DELIVERY
•TIMELY DELIVERY

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Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu, India
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 KEY ASPECTS OF DATACOMMUNICATIONS

•TRANSMISSION MEDIA
•DATA COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

•Transmission media acts a physical interface for communication in networks. There

are two types of transmission media, namely guided and unguided.
Guided transmission media are cables like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fibre
optic cables.
• Network Protocols are a set of rules governing exchange of information in an easy,
reliable and secure way.
•The most popular model used to establish open communication between two systems
is the Open Systems Interface (OSI) model proposed by ISO.

•SYNTAX: WHAT IS TO BE COMMUNICATED?

•SEMANTICS: HOWIS TO BE COMMUNICATED?
•TIMING: WHEN IT SHOULD BE COMMUNICATED?

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 Network Standards
Networking standards define the rules for data communications that are needed for
• .
interoperability of networking technologies and processes

During data communication, a number of standards may be used simultaneously at

the different layers. The commonly used standards at each layer are −
Application layer − HTTP, HTML, POP, H.323, IMAP
Transport layer − TCP, SPX
Network layer −IP, IPX
Data link layer − Ethernet IEEE 802.3, X.25, Frame Relay
Physical layer −RS-232C (cable), V.92 (modem)

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 Types of Standards

Standards are of two types

De facto − These are the standards that are followed without any formal plan or
approval by any organization. They have come into existence due to traditions or facts.
For example, HTTP
De jure − These standards are the ones which have been adopted through legislation
by any officially recognized standards organization.
Most of the communication standards that are used today are de jure standards.

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 Standards Organizations
Some. of the noted standards organizations are

• International Standards Organization (ISO)

• International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
• Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers (IEEE)
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• Internet Research Task Force (IETF)
• Electronic Industries Association (EIA)

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 STANDARD ORGANISATIONS
•ISO (International Organization for Standardization) is a network of standards institutes
from 164 countries with a central office in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the
system.
•The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (or IEEE for short) an international
non-profit, professional organization for the advancement of technology related to
electricity.

▪The "American National Standards Institute." ANSI is a U.S.-based non-profit organization

that works to develop and promote standards in the United States

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 ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALS

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 ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNALS
Analog signals Digital signals
Analog signals are difficult to get analysed Digital signals are easy to analyse.
at first.

Analog signals are more accurate than Digital signals are less accurate.
digital signals.

Analog signals take time to be stored. It Digital signals can be easily stored.
has infinite memory.

To record an analog signal, the technique In recording digital signal, the sample
used, preserves the original signals. signals are taken and preserved.

There is a continuous representation of There is a discontinuous representation of

signals in analog signals. signals in digital signals.

Analog signals produce too much noise. Digital signals do not produce noise.

Examples of analog signals are Human Examples of digital signals are Computers,
voice, Thermometer, Analog phones etc. Digital Phones, Digital pens, etc.

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 Amplitude

Amplitude is the height of the wave and often related to power.

More plainly, it's how tall the "high points" are throughout an analog wave
signal, usually measured in volts.

High electric field = High magnetic field = High amplitude = High power

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 Phase

Phase is not a property of just one RF signal but instead involves the
relationship between two or more signals that share the same frequency. The
phase involves the relationship between the position of the amplitude crests
and troughs of two waveforms.
Phase can be measured in distance, time, or degrees

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Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu, India
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 Frequency

The frequency of a wave is the number of waves that pass by each

second, and is measured in Hertz (Hz).
Suppose a wave repeat itself 3 times each second, then we say
frequency of that wave is 3 Hz.

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