Who is the father of

GEOMETRY?

 Euclid, the ancient

Greek
mathematician is
the acknowledged
to be the inventor
of geometry.
 The Greeks could not do arithmetic. They had only
whole numbers, no zero, and no negative numbers
like
the Roman numerals. In short, they could perform
very
little useful arithmetic.

 So, faced with the problem of finding the midpoint of

a
line, they could not do the obvious - measure it and
divide by two. They had to have other ways, and this
lead to the constructions using compass and
straightedge. It is also the reason why the
straightedge
has no markings. It is definitely not a graduated
ruler,
but simply a pencil guide for making straight lines.
Straightedge
 Career &
Technical
ati on
Ed u c
Basic Geometric Terms &
Construction
 Career &
Technical
ati on
Ed u c

Geometric Terms
Geometry
 The study of the size and shape of
things
 The relationship of straight and
curved lines in drawing shapes
 It is essential to recognize
geometry that exists within objects
for the purpose of creating solid
models or multiview drawings
 Angles
 Acute Angle
 Measures less than 90°
 Obtuse Angle
 Measures greater than 90°
and less than 180°
 Right Angle
 Measures exactly 90°

Vertex
 Vertex
 Point at which two lines of
an angle intersect
Circle
 Radius
 Distance from the center of a circle to
its edge
 Diameter
 Distance across a circle through its
center
 Circumference
 Distance around the edge of a circle
 Chord
 Line across a circle that does not pass
 Circle
 Has 360°

90
90
 Quadrant

°
One fourth (quarter) of a

°


90

90
°
circle
 Measures 90°
 Concentric
 Two or more circles of
different sizes that share the
same center point
Triangles
 Equilateral
 All three sides are of equal
length and all three angles
are equal
 Isosceles
 Two sides are of equal length
 Scalene
 Sides of three different
lengths and angles with three
different values
 Triangles
 Right Triangle
 One of the angles equals 90°
 Hypotenuse
 The side of a right triangle that
is opposite the 90° angle

HYPOTENUSE
 Quadrilaterals
 Square
 Four equal sides and all
angles equal 90°
 Rectangle
 Two sides equal lengths and
all angles equal 90°
 Trapezoid
 Only two sides are equal
length
 Quadrilaterals
 Rhombus
 All sides are equal length and
opposite angles are equal

 Rhomboid
 Opposite sides are equal
length and opposite angles
are equal
Regular Polygons
 Pentagon
 Five sided
polygon

 Hexagon
 Six sided
polygon

 Octagon
Regular Polygons
 Distance across flats
Measurement across
FLATS


the parallel sides of a

polygon

 Distance across CORNERS

corners
 Measurement across
adjacent corners of a
polygon
 Geometric Terms
 Circumscribe
 Process of creating a
polygon that fully
encloses a circle and is
tangent to all of the
polygons sides
 Inscribe
 Process of creating a
polygon that is fully
enclosed by a circle at
 Geometric Terms
 Bisect
 Divide into two
equal parts
 Tangent
 A line and arc, or
two arcs that touch
each other at one
point only
 Geometric Terms
 Parallel
 Two or more lines
that are always the
same distance
apart

 Perpendicular
 Two lines that are
Geometric Symbols

Angle Parallel

Triangle Perpendicular

R Radius Square

Diameter CL Centerline
 Career &
Technical
ati on
Ed u c

Geometric Construction
 Bisect a Line w/ a
Compass

 Given line AB

 With points A & B as

centers and any radius
greater than ½ of AB, draw
arcs to intersect, creating
points C & D
 Draw line EF through
points C and D
 Bisect a Line w/ a Triangle
 Given line H
AB F D
 Draw line CD from
endpoint A
C E
A B
 Draw line EF
from endpoint B G

 Draw line GH through intersection

 Bisect an Arc

 Given arc AB

 With points A & B as

centers and any radius
greater than ½ of AB, draw
arcs to intersect, creating
points C & D
 Draw line EF through
points C and D
 Bisect an Angle
 Given angle AOB
 With point O as the
center and any
convenient radius R, draw
an arc to intersect AO
and OB to located points
 C and D
With C and D as centers
and any radius R2
greater than ½ the
radius of arc CD, draw
two arcs to intersect,
 locating point E
Draw a line through
points O and E to bisect
 Divide a Line into Equal
Parts
 Given line AB
 Draw a line from endpoint A perpendicular to
 line AB scale, placing zero on line
Position
AC at an angle so that the scale
 touches
Keeping point B line AC,
zero on
A B
adjust the angle of the scale
until any of the desired
number of divisions are
included between line AC
 and
Markpoint B
the divisions
 Draw lines parallel to AC
through the division marks C
to intersect line AB
 Construct a Hexagon
given distance Across Flats
(Circumscribed)

 Given distance
across the flats of a
hexagon, draw
centerlines and a
circle with a
diameter equal to
the distance across
 With
flats parallel edge
and 30° – 60 °
triangle, draw the
tangents
 Construct a Hexagon
given distance Across Corners
(Inscribed)

 Given distance AB across the corners, draw

a circle with AB as the diameter

 With A and B as C D
centers and the same
radius, draw arcs to
A B
intersect the circle at
points C, D, E, and F

 Connect the points to

F E
complete the hexagon
 Construct an Octagon
Across Flats (Inscribed)
 Given the distance across the
flats, draw centerlines and a 1
circle with a diameter equal to
5 7
the distance across flats

 With a parallel edge and 3 4

45 triangle, draw lines
tangent to the circle in the
order shown to complete 8 6
the octagon
2
 Construct an Octagon
Across Corners (Inscribed)
 Given the distance across
the corners, draw C
centerlines AB and CD G E
and a circle with a
diameter equal to the
distance across corners A B
 With the T-square and
45° triangle, draw
diagonals EF and GH
F H
 Connect the points D
to complete the
octagon
 Construct an Arc Tangent
to Two Lines at an Acute
Angle
A
 Given lines AB and CD

 Construct parallel R
lines at distance R B
O
 Construct the
perpendiculars to C
R
locate points of
tangency D
 With O as the point,
construct the tangent
arc using distance R
 Construct an Arc Tangent
to Two Lines at an Obtuse
Angle
A
 Given lines AB and CD

 Construct parallel

R
lines at distance R
O
 Construct the
perpendiculars to B R
locate points of
C
tangency
 With O as the point, D
construct the tangent
arc using distance R
 Construct an Arc Tangent
to Two Lines at Right
Angles
 Given angle ABC
A
 With B as the
point, strike arc R1
R2
equal to given D O
radius
 With D and E as
the points, strike

R2
arcs R2 equal to R1
given radius
 With O as the
B C
point, strike arc R E
equal to given
radius
END. . .