Unit – II

Simple Lifting Machines.

Teaching Hours-08
Marks-12
1) Simple lifting machine-:
Machine is a device used for lifting heavy load (W) by applying
comparatively smaller force called as effort(P).
2) Compound machine-:
Simple Machines can be put together in different ways to make
complex machinery.
If a machine, consists of many simple machines, it is called
compound machine.
3) Load(W)
The Weight to be lifted by Effort is called load.

4) Effort (P)
The force required to lift the load is called effort.

5) Mechanical advantage(M.A)
It is defined as the ratio of load lifted by machine to the effort applied to
lift the load.

M.A=
6) Velocity Ratio(V.R.)
It is the ratio distance moved by effort (y )to Distance moved by Load (x)

V.R.=
7) Input of Machine-It is Work done by effort
Input of Machine= Effort(P) X Distance Moved by effort(y) =P x Y
8) output of Machine-It is Work done by Load
output of Machine= Load(W) X Distance Moved by Load (X) =W x X

9) % Efficiency of Machine (Ƞ)(Eta Greek Word)

It is ratio of work output to work input

%
9) Ideal Machine-:
-:It the efficiency of machine is 100% then it is called as ideal machine.
-:For ideal machine there is no friction.
we know that,
% efficiency (%Ƞ)=

100 =

M.A.=V.R

10) Ideal Effort (Pi)-: It is the effort required to lift the load in absence of
friction.
We know that,
For Ideal Machine M.A.=V.R
9) Ideal Load(Wi)
It is load which can be lifted by effort ‘P’ when there is no friction is called
ideal load.
We know that,
for ideal machine
M.A.=V.R.

Wi=P X V.R.
Effect of Friction or Friction In Machine

A machine is never ideal there is always some amount of friction

present in every machine.
1) Effort lost in friction(Pf )= Actual Effort- Ideal Effort
Pf = P- Pi

Pf = P -

2) Load Lost in friction (Wf )= Ideal Load – Actual Load

Wf = Wi –W

Wf = P x V.R. - W
What is law of machine?
The relation between the load lifted (W) and the effort applied (P) is known as
the law of machine.
This relationship, when plotted on a graph results in a straight line as shown
below.
Study of some simple lifting machine
1)Simple Axle And Wheel

D= Diameter of Effort Wheel

d= Diameter of Axle(Load Wheel)

V.R. = =
1) In a simple wheel and axle, diameter of wheel is 150 mm and that of axle is 30 mm. If the efficiency of the machine is 60%, determine the effort required to
lift a load of 50N.
Given Data-:
i. Diameter of Effort Wheel (D)= 150mm
ii. Diameter of Axel (d)=30mm
iii. % η =60%
iv. W=50N
Step No-1 Calculate Velocity Ratio
VR= = = 5

Step No-2 Calculate Effort

% η = X 100

60 = X 100
60 = X 100

P = X 100 P=16.67 N

V.R. = =
2) Differential Axle And Wheel

V.R. = =
In a differential axle and wheel, the diameter of the wheel is 40 cm and that of axles are 10 cm and 8 cm. If an effort of 50 N can lift a load of 1500 N, Find the efficiency of
the machine.

Given Data-:
i. Diameter of Effort Wheel (D)= 40cm
ii. Diameter of bigger axel (d1)=10cm
iii. Diameter of Smaller axel (d2)=08cm
iv. P=50N and W=1500N

Step No-1 Calculate Velocity Ratio

VR= = = 40

Step No-2 Calculate MA

MA = = = 30

% η = X 100

% η = X 100

% η = 75 %

V.R. = =
In a differential axle and wheel, the diameter of the wheel is 30 cm and that of axles are 12 cm and 10 cm. If an effort of 80 N can lift a load of 1500 N, Find the efficiency of
the machine.

Given Data-:
i. Diameter of Effort Wheel (D)= 30cm
ii. Diameter of bigger axel (d1)=12cm
iii. Diameter of bigger axel (d2)=10cm
iv. P=80N and W=1500N

Step No-1 Calculate Velocity Ratio

VR= = = 30

Step No-2 Calculate MA

MA = = = 18.75

% η = X 100

% η = X 100

% η = 62.5 %

V.R. = =
In a differential axle and wheel, the diameter of wheel is 500 mm and diameters of axle are 120 mm and 100mm. If an effort of 40 N can lift a load of 1200 N, find the
efficiency of the machine and effort lost in friction AND also calculate load lost in friction.
Given Data-:
i. Diameter of Effort Wheel (D)= 500mm
ii. Diameter of bigger axel (d1)=120mm
iii. Diameter of bigger axel (d2)=100mm
iv. P=40N and W=1200N

Step No-1 Calculate Velocity Ratio

VR= = = 50

Step No-2 Calculate MA

MA = = = 30

% η = X 100

% η = X 100

% η = 60 %

V.R. = =
Step-3

Effort lost in friction(Pf )= Actual Effort- Ideal Effort

Pf = P- Pi
Pf = P -

Pf = 40 -

Pf = 16 N

Load lost in friction(Wf )= Wi –W

Wf=P X VR –W
Wf= 40 x 50 - 1200
Wf =2000-1200 =800 N

V.R. = =
In a differential axle and wheel, the diameter of wheel is 800 mm and diameters of axle are 200 mm and 120mm. If an effort of 80 N can lift a load of 1800 N, find the
efficiency of the machine and effort lost in friction AND also calculate load lost in friction.
Given Data-:
i. Diameter of Effort Wheel (D)= 500mm
ii. Diameter of bigger axel (d1)=120mm
iii. Diameter of bigger axel (d2)=100mm
iv. P=40N and W=1200N

Step No-1 Calculate Velocity Ratio

VR= = = 50

Step No-2 Calculate MA

MA = = = 30

% η = X 100

% η = X 100

% η = 60 %

V.R. = =
Simple Screw Jack

V.R. = =
Simple Screw Jack
Let, L = length of the handle or lever arm and p = pitch of the thread or screw, then

If the effort wheel is used at the place of handle or lever arm for applying the effort, then

Where, D = diameter of the effort wheel and p = pitch of thread or screw.

V.R. = =
A screw jack lifts a load of 30 kN has efficiency of 30%, the length of handle is 60 cm. If the pitch of screw is 15 mm. Find the effort required.
Given Data-:

i. Load (W)=30kN
ii. efficiency (η %)= 30%
iii. Length of Handle (L)=60cm=600mm
iv. Pitch of Screw(p)=15mm

Step No-1 Calculate Velocity Ratio

VR= = = 251.32

Step No-2 Calculate effort

% η = X 100
% η = X 100

% η = X 100

% η = X 100

V.R. = =
P = X 100

P = X 100

P =397.89 N OR 0.39789 kN

V.R. = =
A screw Jack has effort wheel diameter 200 mm and pitch 5mm. A load of 1000 N is lifted by effort of 150 N. find the efficiency of the screw jack.
Given Data-:

i. Diameter of Effort Wheel (D)=200mm

ii. Pitch of Screw(p)=5mm
iii. Load (W)=1000 N
iv. Effort (P)=150 N

Step No-1 Calculate Velocity Ratio

VR= = = 125.66

Step No-2 Calculate MA

MA =

MA =

MA = 6.67

V.R. = =
Step No-3 Calculate Efficiency

% η = X 100

% η = X 100

% η = 5.3 %

Class Work Problem

3.A screw jack has efficiency of 15%. It lifts a load of 2 kN by effort of 250 N. If length of handle is 60 cm. Find the pitch of the screw.

4. A screw jack lifts a load of 25 kN by an effort of 350 N at the end of a lever arm of 60 cm. If the pitch of the screw is 10 mm.
Calculate the efficiency of the screw jack at this load.

5. A screw jack lifts a load of 20kN with an effort of 250 N at the end of lever of arm 50 cm. If the pitch of the screw is 10 mm,
calculate the VR,MA and efficiency of the machine. State whether the machine is reversible or not.

V.R. = =
Weston’s Differential Pulley Block

V.R. = =
Weston’s Differential Pulley Block

Where, D = diameter of bigger or upper pulley,

d = diameter of smaller or lower pulley

If radii of bigger and smaller pulley are given, then

If number of teeth or cogs of the bigger and smaller pulley are given, then
Where, T1 = number of teeth or cog on bigger or upper pulley, T2 = number of teeth or cog on smaller or lower pulley

V.R. = =
 A Weston’s differential pulley block is used to lift load of 8 kN. It has diameters of pulleys 260 mm and 240 mm. If the efficiency of the machine is 45% find
the effort required.
Given Data-:
i. Load (W)=8 kN
ii. Diameter of bigger Pulley=260mm
iii. Diameter of Smaller Pulley=240mm
iv. % η = 45%

Step No-1 Calculate Velocity Ratio

VR= = = 26

Step No-2 Calculate effort

% η = X 100
% η = X 100

% η = X 100

% η = X 100

V.R. = =
P = X 100

P = X 100

P =683.76 N

2. A Weston’s differential pulley block has 12 cogs on the smaller pulley and 13 cogs on the larger pulley. The law of machine is
P=W/20+20. Find the efficiency of the machine when a load of 750 N is being lifted.

Given Data-:
i. Cogs on smaller pulley (N2)= 12
ii. Cogs on bigger pulley(N1)= 13
iii. Law of Machine P= + 20 N
iv. Load (W)=750 N

Step No-1 Calculate VR

VR= = = 26

V.R. = =
Step No-2 Calculate Effort from Law of Machine
P= + 20 N
P = + 20 N
P= 57.5 N

Step No-3 Calculate MA

MA =
MA =
MA = 13.043

Step No-3 Calculate Efficiency

% η = X 100

% η = X 100

% η = 50.16 %
Class Work Problem
A Weston's differential pulley block has diameters of pulleys 26 cm and 24
cm. It has efficiency 55%. Find
1) Effort to lift a load of 5 KN
2) Effort lost in friction.

Ans: 1) P= 349.65 N,Pf=157.34 N,

Single Purchase Crab

V.R. = =
Single Purchase Crab
D = diameter of effort wheel,
T1 = number of teeth on spur or main gear,
T2 = number of teeth on pinion
d = diameter of load drum or load axle.

VR= x

If handle of length „L‟ is used in place of effort wheel,

VR= x

V.R. = =
1) A single purchase crab has the following details :
Length of handle =40 cm
Diameter of load drum=20 cm
Number of teeth in the pinion=16
Number of teeth in the spur=80
Find 1) V.R and 2) Effort required to raise the load of 2 KN with an efficiency of 75%.

Step No-1 Calculate Velocity Ratio

VR= x

VR= x

VR= 20
Step No-2 Calculate Effort

% η = X 100
% η = X 100

% η = X 100

% η = X 100

V.R. = =
P = X 100

P = X 100

P =133.33 N

1) A single purchase crab has the following details :

Diameter of Effort wheel=60 cm
Diameter of load drum=30 cm
Number of teeth in the pinion=20
Number of teeth in the spur=60
Find 1) V.R and 2) Effort required to raise the load of 3 KN with an efficiency of 75%.
3) Find load lost due to friction and Effort lost due to friction

1) A single purchase crab has the following details :

Radius of Effort wheel=25 cm
Diameter of load drum=40 cm
Number of teeth in the pinion=25
Number of teeth in the spur=50
Find 1) V.R and 2) Effort required to raise the load of 1.5 KN with an efficiency of 60%.
3) Find load lost due to friction and Effort lost due to friction

V.R. = =
Double Purchase Crab

V.R. = =
Double Purchase Crab

D = diameter of effort wheel,

d = diameter of load drum or load axle.
T1 = number of teeth on spur A,
T2 = number of teeth on pinion B mounted on intermediate shaft,
T3 = number of teeth on spur C mounted on intermediate shaft,
T4 = number of teeth on pinion D mounted on effort axle

VR= x x

If handle of length „L‟ is used in place of effort wheel,

VR= x x

V.R. = =
2)In a double purchase crab, the two pinions 10 teeth each and two spur wheels have 60 teeth each. The diameter
of the load drum is 20 cm and that of the effort wheel is 60 cm. Find the velocity ratio. If machine lift load of 2 kN
by and effort. If the machine η%=55%.Find the effort, ideal effort, effort lost due to friction.
Given Data-|:
1. Teeth Two Pinions = 10 each (T4=10 T2=10)
2. Teeth Two spurs = 60 each (T3=60 T1=60)
3. Diameter of load Drum (d)=20cm
4. Diameter of Effort wheel (D)=60 cm

Step no-1 Calculate Velocity Ratio

VR= x x

VR= x x

VR= 108

V.R. = =
3) In a double purchase crab, the two pinions have 12 teeth each and the two spur wheels have 72 teeth each. The diameter of the load drum is 22 cm and
that of the effort wheel is 65 cm. Find the velocity ratio. If machine lift load of 3 kN by and effort. If the machine η%=57%.Find the effort, ideal effort,
effort lost due to friction.

Given Data-:
1. Teeth Two Pinions = 12 each (T4=12 T2=12)
2. Teeth Two spurs = 72 each (T3=72 T1=72)
3. Diameter of load Drum (d)=22cm
4. Diameter of Effort wheel (D)=65 cm

Step no-1 Calculate Velocity Ratio

VR= x x

VR= x x

VR= 106.3636

V.R. = =
Worm and Worm Wheel

V.R. = =
Worm and Worm Wheel

V.R.= L X T/r or R X T/r or D X T /d

Where,
L=Length of Handle
R= Radius of effort wheel
T=Number of teeth on worm wheel
r=Radius of load drum

If the worm is ‘n’ Threaded then

V.R.= L X T/nr Or R X T/nr

V.R. = =
In a single threaded worm and worm wheel, then number of teeth on the worm wheel is 60. The diameter of the effort wheel is 30 cm and that of
load drum is 15 cm. Calculate the velocity ratio. If the efficiency of the machine is a 45%, determine the effort required to lift a load of 5kN..

Given Data-:
1. No of Teeth on the worm wheel (T) = 60
2. Diameter of load Drum (d)=15cm
3. Diameter of Effort wheel (D)=30 cm
4. % η = 45%

Step no-1 Calculate Velocity Ratio

VR=

VR=

VR= 120

V.R. = =
Step No-2 Calculate effort
% η = X 100
% η = X 100

% η = X 100

P = X 100

P = X 100

P =92.59 N

Question-A worm and worm wheel carries 50 teeth on wheel, 30 cm effort wheel diameter, 60cm load wheel diameter. If
the efficiency is 40%. What load can be lifted with an effort of 30N.

V.R. = =
Geared Pulley Block

V.R. = =
Geared Pulley Block

Let,
T1 = number of cogs on the effort wheel A,
T2 = number of teeth on pinion wheel B,
T3 = number of teeth on spur wheel or main gear D,
T4 = number of cogs on the load wheel C

VR= x

If the diameters of effort wheel A and load wheel C are given, then
VR= x

Where,
D = diameter of effort wheel A,
d = diameter of load wheel C
T3 = number of teeth on Spur wheel D,
T2 = number of teeth on Pinion wheel B

V.R. = =
A geared pulley block is used to lift a load by and effort of 1000 N with 60% efficiency. Calculate the load lifted by the effort if
(i) Teeth/cogs on effort wheel =100,
(ii) Teeth/cogs on the load wheel=10
(iii) No of teeth on the pinion =20,
(iv) No of teeth on the spur=40

Step no-1 Calculate Velocity Ratio

VR= x or x OR X

OR X

VR= x

VR= 20
Step No-2 Calculate Load
% η = X 100
% η = X 100

% η = X 100

V.R. = =
% η = X 100

W=

W=

W=12000 N or 12 kN

A geared pulley block is used to lift a load by and effort of 2000 N with 55% efficiency. Calculate the load lifted by the effort
if
(i) cogs on effort wheel =80,
(ii) cogs on the load wheel=20
(iii) No of teeth on the pinion =25,
(iv) No of teeth on the spur=50

V.R. = =
GRAPHS:
1. Load v/s Effort:
The graph of load against effort is a straight line, cuts the y-axis giving the intercept „C‟
which represents the effort lost in friction at zero load.

V.R. = =
GRAPHS:
2. Load v/s Percentage Efficiency (%η): :
The graph of load v/s % efficiency is a curve as shown in the above figure. As load
increases, percentage efficiency also increases and therefore gives rise to a smooth curve
gradually increasing and becomes more or less parallel to x-axis.
GRAPHS:
3. Load v/s Mechanical Advantage:
The graph of load v/s Mechanical Advantage is a curve as shown in the above figure. As
load increases, mechanical advantage also increases and therefore gives rise to a smooth
gradually increasing curve.
GRAPHS:
4. Load v/s Ideal Effort (Pi): :
The graph of load v/s ideal effort is a straight line passing through origin as shown in the above
figure.
GRAPHS:
5. Load v/s Effort lost in friction (Pf):