PROBABILI

TY
Probability is a field of mathematics that deals with
chances.
An Experiment is an activity in which the results
cannot be predicted with certainty. Each repetition of
an experiment is called a trial.
Outcome is a result of an experiment.
Event is any collection of outcomes, and a simple
event is an event with only one possible outcome.
The Sample Space for a given experiment is a set S
that contains all possible outcomes of the experiment.
In any experiment for which the sample space is S, the
probability of an event occurring is given by the
formula
The sample space for
the experiment in
throwing a die
Sample space = { 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6}
Probability of an event
𝒏( 𝑬𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕)
𝑷 (𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕)=
𝒏( 𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆)

𝒏 ( 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 ) −𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕

𝒏 ( 𝑺𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆𝑺𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 ) −𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
Example 1:
A coin is tossed,
find:
a. The sample
space
n(sample space) =
2
{head,
tail}
b. the probability of getting
the head
Example 2:
What would be the probability of
a. Picking a black card at random from a
standard deck of 52 cards.
Example 2:
What would be the probability of
b. Picking a face card?
Example 3:
What would be the probability of
c. Not Picking a face card?
Example 4:
A fair die will be roll, what is the
probability in getting:
a. a 3?
Example 4:
A fair die will be roll, what is the
probability in getting:
b. an even number?
Example 4:
A fair die will be roll, what is the
probability in getting:
c. A number greater than 4?
Fundamental
counting
principle
Fundamental counting
principle
1. Sum Rule/addition rule (m+n
Suppose that an event can be performed by
rule):

either of two different procedures, with m

possible outcomes for the first procedure
and n possible outcome for the second. If
the two sets of possible outcomes are
disjoint, then the number of possible
outcomes for the event is m+n
A scholarship is available, and the
Exampl
estudents
1 to receive this scholarship
must be chosen from the Accountancy,
Business Administration, or Tourism
Department. How many different
choices are there for this scholarship if
there are 15 qualified students from
Accountancy department, 50 for
Business Administration, and 26 for
TourismThere
Solution: are 15+50+26=91 possible
Department?
choices to award the scholarship.
Example 2
A student has a choice of 5 sandwiches
and6 juices. In how many ways can he
choose 1 sandwich and 1 juice?
He can choose a sandwich in 5 ways,
Solution: and with each of these choices, there
are 6 ways of choosing a juice.
The required number of ways = 5 x
6 = 30 ways.
Fundamental counting
principle
2. Product Rule/multiplication rule (mn
rule):
In a sequence of n events in which the first
has n1 possibilities and the second event
has n2, the third has n3, and so forth, the
total number of possibilities of the sequence
will be n1(n2)(n3)…(nk)
You are ordering a milk tea at Ichiban.
Example #3

You have your choice of a small,

medium, or large, and you can include
one of the following flavors: mocha,
vanilla, or cappuccino. How many
different choices of milk tea do you
have?
 }3
}3
Mocha

}3
Small Vanilla
cappucci
no
Mocha
Milk tea Medium Vanilla
cappucci
no
Mocha

Large Vanilla
cappuccin
o
Example #4
Three members of a social organization
have volunteered to serve as officers for
the following year, to take positions as
President, Treasurer, and Secretary.
Construct a tree diagram in which the
three can assume the positions.
Preside Secreta Treasur
nt ry er
B C
A
C B
A C
B
C A
A B
C
B A
There are four basic blood
Example #4

types, represented by letters: A,

B, AB and O. there is also an Rh
factor represented by either + or
-. If a local blood bank labels
donations according to type, Rh
factor, and gender of the donor,
how many different ways can a
blood sample be labeled?
 A discount
Example #5 paint manufacturer plans to
make several different paints. The
categories include:
Color: red, blue, white, black, green,
brown, yellow
Type: Latex, oil
Texture: Flat, Semigloss, High gloss
Use: Outdoor, Indoor
How many different kinds of paint can be
Example #6
The digits 0, 1,2,3 and 4 are
to be used in a 4-digit ID
card. How many different
cards are possible if the
repetitions are:
a.permitted?
b.Not permitted?
Example #7

How many ways can 5

paintings be line up on a
wall?
 David
Example #8 wants to buy a car that

comes with the following model

choices: 5 colors, with or without
leather seats, with or without
sunroof, with or without
automatic transmission, with or
without a special button, and
with or without antilock brakes.
In how many ways can the car be
Example #9

There are 7 athletes

in a race, how many
ways can they finish
first, second and
third?
Example #10

How many different four

digit alarm codes can be
formed for a house alarm.
The first digit must be a 2,4,
or 9 and all the other digit
can be any number and
numbers can be repeated.
How many 5 character
Example #11

license plates can be made if

the first 3 characters are
letters and last 2 characters
are numbers. Repetition of
characters are allowed but
the first letter must be a P, W,
Q, E, L, or K.
How many 5 character
Example #11

license plates can be made if

the first 3 characters are
letters and last 2 characters
are numbers. Repetition of
characters are allowed but
the first letter must be a P, W,
Q, E, L, or K.
Factorial notation

n! (which read “n factorial”) is

the product of the first n
consecutive natural numbers. 0!
Is defined as 1.
n!= n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)….(3)(2)(1)
Evaluate the following:
a. 1!
a. 1!
=1
b. 3!
b. 3!
=3*2*1=6
c. 5!
c. 5!
d. 6!- =5*4*3*2*1=120
d. 6!-4!=720-24=696
4!
e. 2! e. 2!(3!) =2(3)(2)
(3!) (1)=2(6)=12
permutation

Is an arrangement of all or part of a

number of things (or objects) in a
definite order. The number of
permutations of n objects taken r at
a time is given by:
,
Permutation with repeated elements
Often happens when object that are
virtually identical get arranged. Our
inability to distinguish between these
items reduces the number of possible
permutations by the number of ways
these identical items themselves can be
arranged.
,+
Circular Permutation
Applies when things are arranged in
along a closed curve or a circle, in
which any place may be regarded as the
first or last place, they form a circular
permutation. Thus, with n
distinguishable objects we have
arrangements. In symbol,
Examples 1: Evaluate the
following:
a.
P(4,0) =
b.
=
P(5,2)
c.
=
P(7,7)
Examples 2:

How many different ways can a

manager and a supervisor can be
selected for a company branch in
Manila if there are 8 employees
available?
Solution:
Note that n=8 and r=2 (manager and
supervisor).
Since the order is important for the
managerial and supervisory positions, we
would need to apply permutation. Then,

There would be 56 ways to select a manager

and a supervisor
Examples 3:

How many different ways can 5

television commercials can be
played during a 30-minutes
television program?
Solution:

Note that n=5 and r=5

Since the order is important, the solution is:

There would be 120 ways to setup

commercials.
Examples 4:
In how many ways can 4 students be
seated at a round table?
Solution:
Let one of them be seated anywhere. Then the
3 remaining can be seated in 3! Ways.
There are 6 ways
to arrange the 4
persons in a circle.
Combination

Is a grouping or selection of all or part

of a number of things (or objects)
without reference to the arrangement of
the things selected. The number of
combinations of n objects taken r at a
time is given by
,
A Combination of different things taken
any number at a time applies when the
total number of combinations of n
different things taken 1, 2, 3,… n, at a
time is:
Examples 1: Evaluate the
following:
a.
P(5,0) =
b.
=
P(4,4)
c.
=
P(6,2)
Examples 2:

In how many ways can 4 board

members be selected out of 15
board members of a company to
represent the body in the
stockholder’s meeting?
Solution:

Note that n=15 and r=4

Since this is a combination problem, the
answer is

There would be 1,365 ways to select a

committee to represent the body.