UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MECH 2 - DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES

MODULE 3: KINETICS OF PARTICLES

UNIT 1: NEWTON’S SECOND LAW

Prepared by:
Melkisidick L. Angloan, CE, ME-
1
 UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES
In this unit, here are the following desired learning outcomes:
✘ State Newton’s Laws of Motion.
✘ Solve problems involving Newton’s Second Law of Motion.

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NEWTON’S FIRST LAW NEWTON’S THIRD LAW

“ If two objects interact, the force

“ In the absence of external
F12 exerted by object 1 on object
forces, an object at rest
remains at rest and an 2 is equal in magnitude to and
object in motion continues opposite in direction to the force
in motion with a constant F21 exerted by object 2 on object
velocity. ” 1. ”

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 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW
“ The acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the net force
acting on it and inversely proportional
to its mass. “

This law is a little easier to observe as compared to the first law. You can throw a lighter
shot put farther than a heavier one applying the same amount of energy (force). This
happens because the lighter one gets more acceleration as compared to the heavier one.
Considering another situation where the weights are the same but the amount of energy
exerted in throwing the objects are the different resulting to different acceleration, the
faster the object the more damage it will inflect on the target compared to the effect of
the slower object. 4
 FREE BODY DIAGRAMS
While solving any problem on Newton’s
laws of motion, we make use of free body
diagrams. In these diagrams we represent
all the external forces acting on the object
and then apply newton’s second law to find
its acceleration and other parameters.

If the system to be analyzed involves more

than one object, then their free body
diagrams are drawn separately and then
solved.

While drawing the free body diagram, you

must include all the external forces on an
object including any reactions which are
not mentioned in the problem but are to be 5
 FRICTION
The force of friction is something you
encounter all the time, so it’s the easiest
to understand. The force of friction is very
interesting in that its magnitude changes
up to a maximum value depending on the
external force applied on the object.
Suppose you try to push a heavy box in
order to slide it to another location. You
start pushing it with a little force initially
and you keep increasing the force until it
starts to slide. Below that value of force,
the box remains at rest whatever be the
force applied on it by you.

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 FRICTION
For the box to remain in equilibrium, the
force of friction must always be equal to
the force applied by you. Hence, it
concludes that the force of friction (till the
box doesn’t move) equals the applied
force until it reaches a maximum after
which it remains constant.

Thus, frictional force opposes (impending

or actual) relative motion between two
surfaces in contact. Static friction
opposes impending relative motion;
kinetic friction opposes actual relative
motion. They are independent of the area
of contact and satisfy the following 7
 FRICTION

(co-efficient of static friction) and(co-

efficient of kinetic friction) are constants
characteristic of the pair of surfaces in
contact. It is found experimentally that is
slightly less than.

It is found experimentally that the force of

friction is independent of area of contact
between the bodies as can be seen from
the expressions for the force also.
8
 FRICTION

Where:

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 IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER
1) In all the problems on Newton’s Laws of motion, proceed by drawing the free body
diagrams for each object in the system separately and then solving for the unknown.
Considering the direction of motion as the positive direction.

2) The mechanics (and probably the difficult part) in these problems is to recognize the
constraints that bind the different parts of the system like the two objects have to
move with the same acceleration or the object cannot lose contact with the surface of
the incline, so the sum of forces on the object perpendicular to surface has to be zero.
Rest is mathematics and comes easy after practicing a few problems. Once you
master this ability, you can solve any problem on this topic.

3) A string has same tension in it at all points. Each infinitesimal part of the string has
the same tension trying to pull it apart in opposite directions.

4) Weight = mass x gravitational acceleration.

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 1
EXAMPLE . ∑ 𝑭 =𝑚 𝑓𝒂 =𝜇𝑊
𝑁 =𝑚𝑔
A ball of mass 5 kg and a block of Solution:

At the 5 kg ball
𝑇
mass 12 kg are attached by a
lightweight cord that passes over a
frictionless pulley of negligible mass
as shown in the figure. The block lies
on a frictionless incline of angle 30 o.
Find the magnitude of the acceleration
of the two objects and the tension in
the cord. Take g = 9.81 m/s2. 𝑊1

Assumed
direction of
motion.

At the 12 kg block
Assumed
direction of
motion.
𝑇

𝑊2
𝑓

Required: and 11
 1
EXAMPLE . ∑ 𝑭 =𝑚 𝑓𝒂 =𝜇𝑊
𝑁 =𝑚𝑔
A ball of mass 5 kg and a block of
𝑇
mass 12 kg are attached by a
lightweight cord that passes over a The incline is said to be frictionless,
frictionless pulley of negligible mass therefore .
as shown in the figure. The block lies
on a frictionless incline of angle 30 o.
Find the magnitude of the acceleration
of the two objects and the tension in Solving Eq.1 and Eq.2
the cord. Take g = 9.81 ms-2. simultaneously.
𝑊1

Assumed
direction of
motion.

*Since the acceleration yielded a

Assumed
direction of

positive value, the assumed direction

motion.
𝑇

𝑊2 of motion is correct.
𝑓

Required: and 12
 2 𝑊
EXAMPLE . ∑ 𝑭 =𝑚 𝑓𝒂 =𝜇 𝑁 𝑚=
𝑔

Three bodies A, B and C are Assumed

direction of
connected by two cords as motion.
shown so that all three
bodies move with the same
acceleration. The pulley is
assumed to be weightless
and frictionless. Body A
weighs ., B weighs ., and C
Assumed
weighs . The coefficient of direction of
motion.
kinetic friction for A and the
plane is , and for B and the

Solution:
plane . Find:
a. The acceleration of the
bodies, .
b. The tension , in the cord
between A and B
c. The tension , in the cord
between B and C

Required: , and
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 2 𝑊
EXAMPLE . ∑ 𝑭 =𝑚 𝑓𝒂 =𝜇 𝑁
𝑚=
𝑔

Three bodies A, B and C are Solution:

At block A:
connected by two cords as
shown so that all three
bodies move with the same 𝑇1
acceleration. The pulley is
assumed to be weightless
𝑊𝐴
and frictionless. Body A 𝑓𝐴
weighs ., B weighs ., and C
weighs . The coefficient of
kinetic friction for A and the 𝑁𝐴
plane is , and for B and the
plane . Find:
a. The acceleration of the
bodies, .
b. The tension , in the cord
between A and B
c. The tension , in the cord
between B and C

Required: , and
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 2 𝑊
EXAMPLE . ∑ 𝑭 =𝑚 𝑓𝒂 =𝜇 𝑁
𝑚=
𝑔

Three bodies A, B and C are Solution:

At block B:
connected by two cords as
shown so that all three
bodies move with the same 𝑇2
acceleration. The pulley is
assumed to be weightless
𝑊𝐵
and frictionless. Body A 𝑓𝐵
weighs ., B weighs ., and C 𝑇1
weighs . The coefficient of
kinetic friction for A and the 𝑁𝐵
plane is , and for B and the
plane . Find:
a. The acceleration of the
bodies, .
b. The tension , in the cord
between A and B
c. The tension , in the cord
between B and C

Required: , and
15
 2 𝑊
EXAMPLE . ∑ 𝑭 =𝑚 𝑓𝒂 =𝜇 𝑁 𝑚=
𝑔

Three bodies A, B and C are Solution:

At block C:
connected by two cords as
shown so that all three
bodies move with the same 𝑇2
acceleration. The pulley is
assumed to be weightless
and frictionless. Body A
weighs ., B weighs ., and C
weighs . The coefficient of

Solving Eq.1, Eq. 2 and Eq.3 simultaneously.

kinetic friction for A and the
plane is , and for B and the
plane . Find:
a. The acceleration of the
𝑊𝐶
bodies, .
b. The tension , in the cord
between A and B

*Since the acceleration yielded a positive

c. The tension , in the cord

value, the assumed direction of motion is

between B and C

correct.
Required: , and
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TRY THIS ONE ON YOUR OWN!!
EXAMPLE
3. (to be
submitted)
A 2000-kg airplane lands on a runway with 9% grade with a
touchdown speed of 130km/h, where the brakes are applied causing a
constant braking force of 12KN to be exerted on the airplane. Neglecting air
resistance, determine the distance traveled by the airplane before it stops.

17
 Let’s review some concepts

“ The assumed direction “ Drawing the free body

of motion is the positive diagram of the system is
value; for a negative always recommended to
result, the motion is the help in the analysis of the
opposite of the problem. ”
assumption. ”

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 UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MECH 2 - DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES

MODULE 3: KINETICS OF PARTICLES

UNIT 2: WORK, ENERGY & POWER

Prepared by:
Melkisidick L. Angloan, CE, ME-
1
 UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES
In this unit, here are the following desired learning outcomes:
✘ Solve for work, energy, and power done on a body by force
systems
✘ Understand the concept of Conservation of Energy

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 Work
Work is the measure of energy transfer applied on a
body which is equal to the product of the force
exerted in the direction of motion and its F
displacement. (Joule, Erg, etc.) T

Where: P s

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 Energy
Energy is the ability of a body to do work. (Joule,
Erg, etc.)
Types:
3. Kinetic Energy
1. Gravitational Potential Energy
-The capacity of a body to do work
- The ability of a body to do work due to as a result of its motion. The work done
the gravitational force. on a body is equal to the change in
kinetic energy .
where: m = mass
g = gravitational acceleration
h = elevation from a reference where: m = mass
2. Elastic Strain Potential Energy v = velocity
-The capability of an elastic spring to do
work because of its strained condition.

where: k = spring constant

s = spring deformation 22
Law of Conservation of Energy

“Energy is not created or destroyed: it merely

changes from one form to another.”

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 Power
Power is the rate of change in doing work. (hp, Watt,
etc.)
F
T

but:
P s
Where:
α

24
 Common Units

1 horsepower (hp) = 746 watts = 550 ft-lb/s

25
 Examples
Example 1: The 15-kg block moves on an inclined surface (with a slope of ) from the position shown to a position 1m down the
incline. The spring to which the block is attached is initially stretched by 0.25m. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block
and the surface is 0.20. A constant horizontal force of 25N is applied to the block as shown. If the block starts from rest at position
A, determine the velocity of the block when it reaches position B which is 1m down the incline.

Given:

1m

𝐹
A

5
B 𝑊 𝑦
θ 3
4 𝑅 𝑇 𝑠 Sol’n:

𝑓 “The total Work done on the block is the change in its Kinetic Energy.”

𝐹𝑦 θ
𝑊𝑦
𝐹𝑥 θ
𝑥
𝑊𝑥
𝑁 26
 Examples
Example 1: The 15-kg block moves on an inclined surface (with a slope of ) from the position shown to a position 1m down the
incline. The spring to which the block is attached is initially stretched by 0.25m. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block
and the surface is 0.20. A constant horizontal force of 25N is applied to the block as shown. If the block starts from rest at position
A, determine the velocity of the block when it reaches position B which is 1m down the incline.

* Work done by the Resultant Force

𝑦
𝑅 𝑇𝑠

𝑓
but: 𝐹𝑦 θ
𝑊𝑦
𝐹𝑥 θ
𝑥
𝑊𝑥
𝑁

27
 Examples
Example 1: The 15-kg block moves on an inclined surface (with a slope of ) from the position shown to a position 1m down the
incline. The spring to which the block is attached is initially stretched by 0.25m. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the block
and the surface is 0.20. A constant horizontal force of 25N is applied to the block as shown. If the block starts from rest at position
A, determine the velocity of the block when it reaches position B which is 1m down the incline.

* Work done by the Spring

𝑦
𝑅 𝑇𝑠

𝑓
𝐹𝑦 θ
𝑊𝑦
𝐹𝑥 θ
𝑥
𝑊𝑥
𝑁

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 Examples
Example 2: A 60-kg block is being pulled up a slope by an electric motor as shown. Determine the power required to move the
block at a constant speed of 3 m/s. The coefficient of friction between the block and the inclined surface is 0.20.

Given:

𝑦
5 Sol’n:
θ 3 𝑇
4 𝑊 “Power is the product of the driving force (cable tensile force) and the
𝑓 velocity of motion.”
𝑊𝑦
θ
𝑥
𝑊𝑥
𝑁

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 Examples
Example 2: A 60-kg block is being pulled up a slope by an electric motor as shown. Determine the power required to move the
block at a constant speed of 3 m/s. The coefficient of friction between the block and the inclined surface is 0.20.

* Tensile Force (T)

but:

𝑦
5
θ 3 𝑇
4 𝑊
𝑓
𝑊𝑦
θ
𝑥
𝑊𝑥
𝑁

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 TRY THIS ONE ON YOUR OWN!!
EXAMPLE 3. (to be submitted)

A
A 6-kg block moves in a smooth vertical slot
as shown. A spring having an undeformed length of
and a spring constant of is attached to the block. The
block moves downward in the slot a distance of .
Determine the work done by all the forces acting on
the block as it moves from position A to position B.
B

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 Let’s review some concepts

“ The amount of work “ Energy is not created or

done on a body is equal to destroyed: it merely
the change in kinetic changes from one form to
energy. ” another. ”

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 UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

MECH 2 - DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES

MODULE 3: KINETICS OF PARTICLES

UNIT 3: IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM

Prepared by:
Melkisidick L. Angloan, CE, ME-
1
 UNIT LEARNING OUTCOMES
In this unit, here are the following desired learning outcomes:
✘ Develop principles that relates impulse with momentum
✘ Solve for the quantities: force, mass, acceleration, velocity,
displacement and time in impulse-momentum kinetic
problems
✘ Understand the concept of Conservation of Momentum

34
 Momentum
Momentum is the measure of mass in a motion. It is equivalent to the product
of mass and velocity of a body in motion.(kg∙m/s, slugs∙ft/s, etc.)

Where:

35
 Impulse
Impulse is the change in momentum due to an external force. (kg∙m/s,
slugs∙ft/s, etc.)
from:

Where:

36
 Impulse-Momentum Equation
from:

“The final momentum of body in motion is equal to the initial momentum plus the impulse
caused by an outside force”

37
 Conservation of Momentum

“When the resultant force is equal to zero, the impulse will also be zero. Therefore, the velocity
of the body in motion will remain constant for the duration and it will not accelerate leaving the
final momentum to be equal with the initial momentum . This confirms with the Newton’s first
law of motion.”

38
 Examples
Example 1: Determine the magnitude of the force acting on a highway bumper when a 5000-lb car traveling at 60mph crashes
against it. The time it takes before the car is brought to rest is 0.30 seconds.

Given:
𝑣 𝑜 =60 𝑚𝑝h

Sol’n:
“The final momentum is equal to zero since the car is brought to rest. ”
𝐷𝑂𝑀
𝐹𝐵

39
 Examples
Example 2: A pitcher throws a fast ball that is moving at a speed of 90mph. The batter hits the ball in the direction shown. The ball
leaves the bat at a speed of 175mph. If the bat and the ball are in contact for 0.020 seconds, determine the average
impulse force exerted on the ball by the batter during the impact. The ball weighs 0.25lbs.

𝑦 Given: W

𝑣 𝑓 =175 𝑚𝑝h
𝑣 𝑜 =9 0 𝑚𝑝h Sol’n:
35° 𝑥 Impulse-Momentum Equation along “x-axis”

𝐷𝑂𝑀
𝐹 𝐵𝑥
𝜃
𝐹 𝐵𝑦 𝐹𝐵

40
 Examples
Example 2: A pitcher throws a fast ball that is moving at a speed of 90mph. The batter hits the ball in the direction shown. The ball
leaves the bat at a speed of 175mph. If the bat and the ball are in contact for 0.020 seconds, determine the average
impulse force exerted on the ball by the batter during the impact. The ball weighs 0.25lbs.

𝑦 Impulse-Momentum Equation along “y-axis”

𝑣 𝑓 =175 𝑚𝑝h
𝑣 𝑜 =9 0 𝑚𝑝h
35° 𝑥 from Pythagorean Theorem:

𝐷𝑂𝑀
𝐹 𝐵𝑥
𝜃
𝐹 𝐵𝑦 𝐹𝐵

41
 Let’s review some concepts

“Momentum is the “Impulse is the “When the external

measure of mass change in resultant force is
in a motion. It is momentum due zero, the impulse is
equivalent to the to an external also zero leaving
product of mass force.” the initial and final
and velocity of a momentum to be
body in motion.” equal.”

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 thanks!
Any questions?

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 Credits
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