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NEWTON’S FIRST LAW

An object will maintain its state of motion (rest
or moving at a constant velocity) unless compelled
to do so by an unbalanced or resultant force.

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 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW
When a net (resultant or unbalanced) force (Fnet) acts on an
object of mass, m, the object accelerates in the direction of
the net force. The acceleration, a, is directly proportional
to the net force and inversely proportional to the m.

Fnet  ma
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 NEWTON’S THIRD LAW
When object A exerts a force on object B, object B
simultaneously exerts an oppositely directed force of equal
magnitude on object A.

• Equal in magnitude
• Opposite in direction
• Act on different objects
• Act along the same line of action (co-linear)
• Act simultaneously
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1. Applied force - Fa
A force exerted by a person on an object or the force
that one object exerts on another object.

2. Normal Force- FN
The force that a surface exerts on an object that is in
contact with it. The force is perpendicular to the surface.

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3. Air Resistance - fa
The force that an object experiences as it moves through
air. Also known as the drag force.

4. Tension - T
The force that is transmitted from one end of a string, rope
or cable, throughout its length, to the other end.

5. Spring - Fs
Force that is exerted to return a compressed or stretched
spring to it equilibrium or un-stretched position.

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6. Friction - f
Force that is exerted between two irregular surfaces in
contact with, and moving relative to, each other. Also, it
could be a described as the force that is present when
we attempt to move an object that’s initially at rest on an
irregular surface. Friction opposes the motion of an
object.
6.1 Static Friction - fs
The frictional force that
f
is exerted between the object
STATIC KINETIC and the surface just before
fsmax
motion occurs is called the
maximum static Friction:
fsmax
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6.2 Kinetic Friction - fk
Kinetic friction is the force that acts between an object
and surface on which it is moving. Kinetic friction is always
lower than the maximum static friction.

fk  fs max

Frictional force depends on the normal force acting on the

object.
f   FN

f s max   s FN f k  k FN
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1. Gravitational Force - Fg
The force exerted by the earth on an object that is on
or near its surface. It always acts downwards.

Fg  mg  W

2. Magnetic Force
The force that two magnetic poles exert on each i.e.
attraction (unlike poles) or repulsion (like poles).
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3. Electric Force
The force that two charged objects exert on each.
Like charges attract and unlike charges repel.

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 Force Diagram
A diagram that shows all the forces acting on an object.

Free-Body Diagram
A free-body diagram represents the object as a dot with
all forces acting on the object pointing away from the dot.

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 Example 1

Calculate the normal force in the following situations:

1. A block of 10 kg resting on a horizontal table.

2. A block of 10 kg resting on a horizontal table with a 40 N
vertical force acting up on the block.
3. A block of 10 kg resting on a horizontal table with a 40 N
vertical force acting down on the block.

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 SOLUTION - Example 1 (1)
y + FN

SOLUTION - Example 1 (2)

40 N
y + FN

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SOLUTION - Example 1 (3)

y + 40 N
FN

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 Example 2
A force (horizontal) of 50 N is applied to a stationary
7 kg block. The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.18
and that of the static friction is 0.32. (i) Will the block
move (ii) and if so determine its acceleration.

y +
FN
FN  W  68.60 N
F = 50 N
f Smax   S FN  (0.32)(68.60 N )  21.95 N
f Smax
W F f Smax  Motion
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Example 3
A 60 kg person stands on a bathroom scale placed on the floor
of an elevator that is initially stationary. Determine the
weight of the person when the elevator is:
(i) stationary
(ii) accelerating upward at 3 m.s-2
(iii) accelerating downward at 2 m.s-2
(iv) travelling at a constant speed of 2m.s-1 and finally
(v) When the cable snaps

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The bathroom scale reads the normal force acting on the
person-called the apparent weight of the person.

The acceleration will be in the same direction as the net force.

SOLUTION: EXAMPLE 3 (i) and (iv)

FN

The same will apply in (iv) since

W constant speed implies zero acceleration.
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SOLUTION: EXAMPLE 3 (ii)

a
FN

W
SOLUTION: EXAMPLE 3 (iii)

a
FN

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 SOLUTION: EXAMPLE 3 (v)

a
FN

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 Wcos(θ )
W θ

Wsin(θ)
θ

•These two components Wsin(θ)

represent the weight.
•This is how we will show the
Wcos(θ )
weight of a block on an inclined
plane.
θ
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 Example 5

An 8kg block starts from rest from the top of a plane, inclined
at 40o with respect to the horizontal, and slides down at a
constant acceleration. If the coefficient of kinetic friction
between the block the plane is 0.35 determine how far the
block travels in 3s.

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 y

Force Diagram FN
x
Wsin(θ)

Wcos(θ )

Reasoning strategy

1. Calculate the acceleration of the block

• Find resultant force along the plane (x dir)
• FR=ma
2. Use kinematic equation x  ut  12 at 2 and solve

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 1
2

= (0.35)(60.06)
= 21.02N
= 60.06 N

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 3 4

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 Example 6

An 3kg block initially moving at 10 m.s-1 along a horizontal

surface enters a rough patch and come to rest in 25m.
determine the coefficient of kinetic friction between the
block and the surface.

u= 10 m.s-1 v= 0 m.s-1

3kg

x=25m

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