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Applications-Electric Traction

The document discusses the advantages of chopper control over resistance control in DC traction systems, highlighting benefits such as regenerative braking, reduced energy consumption, and improved dynamic braking. It explains the operation of chopper-controlled DC motors, including motoring and composite braking processes, and the necessity of dissipating excess regenerated energy. Additionally, it addresses the types of choppers used for different power ratings in traction applications.

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Sahil Guleria
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22 views14 pages

Applications-Electric Traction

The document discusses the advantages of chopper control over resistance control in DC traction systems, highlighting benefits such as regenerative braking, reduced energy consumption, and improved dynamic braking. It explains the operation of chopper-controlled DC motors, including motoring and composite braking processes, and the necessity of dissipating excess regenerated energy. Additionally, it addresses the types of choppers used for different power ratings in traction applications.

Uploaded by

Sahil Guleria
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

19MCCN2401

ELECTRICAL DRIVES &


CONTROL

Electrical Drives & Control 1


Dc Traction using semiconductor Chopper
controlled dc Motors
Chopper control has replaced resistance control in all dc traction
schemes, such as 1500 V dc main line and suburban traction, 750
V dc underground traction and electric buses.

 The chopper control has following additional advantages over the


resistance control

Regenerative braking can be carried out almost up to zero speed.

Energy consumption is reduced when compared to resistance


control.

Excellent Dynamic braking can be obtained.


Electrical Drives & Control 2
Dc Traction using semiconductor Chopper
controlled dc Motors
Composite Braking can be easily implemented.

Light weight and volume.

A chopper for regenerative braking is cheaper when compared to


Cam-controller (resistance control)

Traction drives have been built using both dynamic and


regenerative braking but the drives with regenerative braking have
been preferred.

Electrical Drives & Control 3


Dc Traction using semiconductor Chopper
controlled dc Motors
In dc traction, dc supply is obtained by rectifying ac into dc by
uncontrolled (diode) rectifiers which permit energy to flow in one
direction only, i.e. from ac to dc.

When a chopper controlled train is regenerating, the energy


regenerated must be absorbed by other trains since it cannot be
transferred to ac supply.

 The energy regenerated by a train is greater than the energy


required by a single train when motoring.

Electrical Drives & Control 4


Dc Traction using semiconductor Chopper
controlled dc Motors
 DC Traction supply is not able to utilise the regenerated energy.

If the regenerated energy is pumped into the supply when it


cannot use it, the supply voltage rises due to charging of
capacitances between line and ground and will lead to insulation
failure and damage to the equipment.

 It is, therefore, necessary that the energy which cannot be utilised


is dissipated in a resistance by dynamic braking.

 The regenerative braking with a provision to dissipate excess


energy through dynamic braking is known as composite braking.
Electrical Drives & Control 5
Dc Traction using semiconductor Chopper
controlled dc Motors
 As regenerative braking of series motor is not reliable, mostly
separately excited motor is used in regenerative drives.

A chopper controlled drive with composite braking

Electrical Drives & Control 6


Dc Traction using semiconductor Chopper
controlled dc Motors
 The dc supply feeds the drive through a LF-CF filter.

 SS is semiconductor switch

 MS1 and MS2 are the mechanical switches.

RS is the reversing switch, which allows reversal of motor


connection with respect to terminals A and B.

Inductor L is added when the motor armature inductance is not


enough to keep the armature current ripple within permissible
value and to provide good regenerative braking performance.

Electrical Drives & Control 7


Dc Traction using semiconductor Chopper
controlled dc Motors
Motoring Operation:

For motoring operation mechanical switches MS1 and MS2 are

kept closed and the semiconductor switch SS is periodically


operated.

During the on period of the semiconductor switch current flows

through the path consisting of source, LF, MS1, SS, L, motor

armature and MS2, giving duty interval of the chopper. During the
off period of the semiconductor switch, the armature current
freewheels through the path consisting of closed switch MS 2,
Electrical Drives & Control 8
D and L.
Dc Traction using semiconductor Chopper
controlled dc Motors
Composite braking:

 For braking operation - MS1 and MS2 are kept open, armature

connection is reversed with respect to terminals A and B with the help


of the reversing switch RS and the semiconductor switch SS is
operated periodically.

 The polarity of the motor emf is so as to make the terminal B positive


with respect to terminal A.

During the on period of the semiconductor switch SS, the armature

current builds up through the path consisting of diode D1, switch SS


and inductance L. Electrical Drives & Control 9
Dc Traction using semiconductor Chopper
controlled dc Motors
 During the off period of the switch SS, the armature current flows

against the source voltage through the path consisting of diode D1,

diode Db, LF, source, diode D2, inductance L and energy is fed to the
source.

If source does not have enough load to absorb this energy, it flows into

capacitor CF increasing its voltage.

 When capacitor voltage VF: exceeds the source voltage by more than

10%, thyristor T is triggered to connect the braking resistor R B across


chopper inputs terminals CD, and the regenerated energy is dissipated
Electrical Drives & Control 10
in R .
Dc Traction using semiconductor Chopper
controlled dc Motors
When the switch SS is turned on to start the on period, armature

current is transferred to path D1, SS and L, and T is turned off,

disconnecting RB, due to want of current.

 In each cycle of the chopper, during off period of switch SS, first the
drive operates in regenerative braking and only when the regeneration
is not possible, due to absence of enough load to absorb this energy,
dynamic braking is resorted.

 Thus, drive regenerates as much energy as the source is capable of


absorbing; and the energy that cannot be absorbed by the source is
only dissipated by dynamicElectrical
braking.Drives & Control 11
Dc Traction using semiconductor Chopper
controlled dc Motors
In case of converter control, the drive is operated with closed-loop
current control both during motoring and braking operations.

 For low power drives required for electric buses and rail cars
transistor (or IGBT) chopper is employed, because transistor chopper
operates at a frequency around 2500 Hz.

This keeps the motor current ripple low and an inexpensive


input filter is required to keep the source current harmonics within a
tolerable limit.

Electrical Drives & Control 12


Dc Traction using semiconductor Chopper
controlled dc Motors
For higher power ratings required for locomotives and EMUs,
thyristor and more recently GTO choppers are used.

Because of low frequency operation of these devices (around 300-


800 Hz) source current harmonics can pose a problem.

To Overcome these problems Two or three phase choppers are


used.

Electrical Drives & Control 13


Dc Traction using semiconductor Chopper
controlled dc Motors

THANK YOU

Electrical Drives & Control 14

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