Delhi Public School

Varanasi
{Preparation of
Iodoform}

SUBMITTED BY: - SUBMITTED TO: -

{Darsh Choudhary} {Mr.Anurag Pandey}

Class: - XII { }
Roll no: -7 Delhi Public School Varanasi
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the CHEMISTRY project
titled
{Preparation of Iodoform–study of its properties
and uses} has
Yadav} Classbeen XII successfully
in the
completed
curriculum by partial
of {Siddhant
fulfilment of of
SECONDARY EDUCATION CENTRAL (CBSE) in the year
of 2024-2025. BOARD
This project is genuine
OF and does not
indulge in plagiarism of any kind.

Ms. Nilanjana Chakroverty Mr. Anurag Pandey

External Signature
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me great pleasure to express my

gratitude towards our Chemistry teacher {Mr.
Anurag Pandey} for his guidance, support and
encouragement throughout the duration of the
project on the topic “{Preparation of Iodoform –study
of its properties and uses}”.

Then I would like to thank my parents and

friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance has been
helpful in various phases of the completion of
the project. Without their motivation and help,
the successful completion of this project would
not have been possible. I hope you will like this
project. THNKING YOU !

Darsh Choudhary
INDEX
1) Introduction
2) Content
3) Aim
4) Requirements
5) Theory
6) Procedure
7) Observation
8) Result
9) Bibliography
 Introduction
about Iodoform

Iodoform is an organoiodine
compound which has a formula of CHI3
and belongs to the family of organic
halogen compounds. It is a crystalline
pale yellow substance which is volatile
in nature. It has a penetrating and
distinctive odour with a sweetish smell
which is analogous to chloroform. It
was widely used in hospitals and
described as the smell of a hospital
due to its distinctive odour. Iodoform is
commonly used as a disinfectant and
antiseptic component of some
medications due to its non irritant
action.
Theory and information
related to Iodoform

What is Iodoform?
Iodoform is a yellow, crystalline solid
belonging to the family of organic
halogen compounds. It is also known as
triiodomethane. Thus, the halogen
elements are fluorine, chlorine, bromine,
iodine, astatine and Tennessee.
Iodoform is an organoiodine compound
with the formula – CHl3. It is a pale
yellow, crystalline, volatile substance
with a penetrating and distinctive odour.
The use of iodoform is typical as a
disinfectant.
History of Iodoform

George Simon Serullas first described the

preparation of iodoform in the year 1822.
The synthesis's display was due to iodine
vapour's reactions with steam over red hot
coals and potassium response with ethanolic
iodine in water. You can prepare Iodoform by
electrolysis of aqueous solutions containing
acetone, inorganic iodides, and sodium
carbonate. Several reagents convert
iodoform to methylene iodide – a dense
liquid, colourless when pure but usually
discoloured by iodine traces – used as a
heavy medium in gravity separation
processes. The world first discovered
iodoform's antiseptic properties in 1880,
whence it became an essential medicinal
tool. But, currently, it has been replaced by
more effective substances.
Characteristics
of Iodoform
• The electrolysis of an aqueous solution
containing acetone, inorganic
iodides, and sodium carbonate leads to
iodoform manufacture.
• Iodoform is also known as tri-iodomethane.
The alternate name is due to the presence
of three iodine molecules in the compound.
• It is an organic iodine chemical and a
member of the organic halogen family.
• Its chemical formula is CHI₃.
• It is highly inflammable.
• It is a pale-yellow crystalline substance.
• It is volatile.
• Iodoform is used in dressing wounds and
causes a burning
sensation when applied to wounds.
• The molecular weight of iodoform is 393.73
g/mol. Its melting point is 121 degrees C.
• Iodoform is a skin-friendly chemical as it
does not cause any itching except when
applied to open wounds.
 Chemical Structure
of Iodoform

The chemical structure refers to the arrangement of atoms

and the chemical bond that holds the atoms together. Let us
try to analyze the chemical structure of iodoform. Iodoform
possesses a tetrahedral molecular geometry in which there
are 4 bonds present in the iodoform molecule. Out of these
4 bonds, one is the C-I bond and the other is the C-H bond.
At the centre of the four substituents that are situated at the
tetrahedron’s corners, there is a central atom present in the
tetrahedral molecular geometry.

The iodoform molecule contains a total of four bonds. There

are three non-H bonds. The 2D chemical structure image of
iodoform is also known as the skeletal formula, which is the
standard notation for organic molecules. The carbon atoms
in the iodoform's chemical structure are located at the
corners, and there is no representation of hydrogen atoms
attached to the carbon atoms. You can consider that each
carbon atom is associated with enough hydrogen atoms to
provide the carbon atom with four bonds.
Chemical Structure
of Iodoform

O
O
|| ||
CH3CC
CH3CCH2CC
H3
H2
Acetone
pKa = Ethyl
pKa =
acetoacetate
20 11
 Uses of Iodoform

• On a small scale, iodoform's use is that of a

disinfectant. During the 20th century, the use of
iodoform as a medicine component for healing
and dressing wounds and sores was
widespread.
• Sterilization of surgical instruments was done
by using an iodoform.
• It is an active ingredient for making cat and
dog powders and zinc and propanoic acid
to prevent infection.
• Iodoform also helps in removing ear hair for
dogs and cats.
• The angle’s bonnetmushroom contains natural
Iodoform and displays its characteristic odour.
 The Iodoform Reaction

An iodoform reaction is a chemical reaction

wherein methyl ketone is oxidized to a
carboxylate by reaction with aqueous
hydroxide and iodide. The iodoform reaction
identifies a CH2CH2 (OH) group in alcohols.
When you add iodine and sodium hydroxide to
a compound that contains either a methyl
ketone or secondary alcohol with a methyl
group in the alpha position, there is the
formation of a pale yellow precipitate of
iodoform. You can use it to identify a CH3CH=0
group. Specific compounds that give positive
iodoform tests are – Acetaldehyde, Methyl
Ketones, Ethanol, etc.
 Iodoform Test
Reaction
The iodoform reaction occurs when methyl
ketone is reacted in the presence of
hydroxide ions with iodine resulting in a
carboxylate ion and a haloform. This
reaction can be used for the identification of
aldehydes and ketones. The only aldehyde
that undergoes the haloform reaction is
acetaldehyde as it is the only aldehyde with
a CH₃C=O group.
 Iodoform Reagent

In chemistry, a reagent is a substance

added to a system to get a chemical
reaction or added to test if a reaction has
occurred. There exist two iodoform
reagents to check the iodoform reaction.

1. Iodine and Sodium Hydroxide Solution

The iodine solution is added to a small
amount of alcohol, accompanied by just
enough sodium hydroxide solution to
remove the colour of the iodine. The
appearance of a very pale yellow residual
of iodoform indicates a positive result. You
can also recognize the correct deposition
by its colour and ‘medical’ smell.
Iodoform Reagent

2. Potassium Iodide and Sodium

Chlorate (I) Solutions

There is an addition of potassium

iodide solution to a small amount of
alcohol, followed by sodium chlorate
(I). If there is no precipitation, it may
be necessary to warm the mixture
gently. The positive result is a pale
yellow precipitate
 Aim
:
Preparation of
Iodoform
 Backgrou
nd
Functional group transformations allow the
conversion of a functional group to
transformations an aldehyde or a ketone
without affecting the carbon skeleton of
the molecule.
Aldehydes can be synthesized by the
oxidation of
primary alcohols, or by the reduction of
esters, acid chloride, or nitriles. Since
nitriles can be obtained from alkyl halides,
this is a way of adding an aldehyde unit
(CHO) to an alkyl halide. Ketones can be
synthesized by the oxidation of secondary
alcohols. Methyl ketones can be synthesized
from terminal alkynes.

According to Rashid alcohol with one

hydrogen that chains at carbon as a bring
of carbonyl group can be oxidized become
carbonyl compounds. primary alcohols
that can be oxidized with carboxylic acid
and become acid. Secondary alcohol-
producing ketone and tertiary alcohol can
be oxidized:
 H O O
| || ||
R — C — OH —> R — C — H —> R — C
— OH
|
H
Primary alcohol aldehyde acid R’ R’

R — C — OH —> R — C — R
| ||
H O
Secondary alcohol Ketone

Most acidic protons are attached to

heteroatoms4 like hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen. Protons attached to carbon are
not normally acidic but there are
exceptions. One such exception occurs with
aldehydes or ketones when there is a CHR2,
CH2R, or CH3 group next to the carbonyl
group.
The protons indicated are acidic and are
attached
to (alpha) carbon. They are therefore called
protons. A lone pair of hydroxide oxygen
forms a new bond to a proton.
Simultaneously, the C-H bond breaks. Both
electrons of that bond end up on the
However, carbanions are generally very
reactive, unstable spices that are not
easily formed.
Therefore, some form of stabilization is
involved here.
According to Fessenden chaining of carbon-
hydrogen bonding is usually stable, non-
polar, and non-acidic properties. But with
there in one group carbonyl happening
alpha hydrogen that has acidic properties.
If one hydrogen has the alpha position to
two carbonyl groups so its hydrogen is so
acidic can form a salt with synthetic
compound alkoxide.
As for O
the reaction: O
|| ||
CH3CCH CH3CCH2CC
3 H2
Acetone Ethyl
acetoacetate
pKa =
20
According pKa =
to Tin Doesen, a 11
compound that
contains the CH3CO group or that
produces this group, if oxidized in one
condition. For example, acetaldehyde
CH3CHO form ethanol CH3CH2OH react
with sodium hypochlorous forming
iodoform.
 O O
|| ||
R— C— + —> R — C —
CH3 NaClO Cl3 +
3NaO
H
O O
|| ||
R — C — CI3 + R — C — O-
NaOH — Na+ +
> CHI3

OH O
| ||
R — C — CH3 + NaOI — >
R — C — Cl3
+

OH O H2
| || O
R— C— + NaOI — R— C— O—
CI3 > Na+
+

CHI3 + H2O
According to Miller, the radical initially
produced by the homolytic decomposition
of a di-alkyl peroxide can undergo further
scission. The rate of scission depends on
the temperature and the stability of the
resulting radical. For example, butoxy
radicals decompose on heating to methyl
radicals and acetone:

BuO — > CH3 + CH3COCH3

 Chemicals
required
o Potassium Iodide (KI) solution
o Acetone (CH3COCH3) solution
o Sodium hypochlorous (NaClO)
solution
o 1-propanol (CH3CH2CH2OH)
solution
o Dioxane (C4H8O2) solution
o Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 1%
solution
o Potassium Iodine Iodide (KI.I2)
solution
o Ethyl acetoacetate
(CH3COH2COOC2H5) solution
o Acetophenone (C6H5COCH3)
solution
o Aquadest (H2O)
Materials
required
 Procedu
re
Synthesis of
iodoform
I. 6g of KI was balance by electric scale
II. It was added by water 100ml in glass
beaker
III. It was added by acetone 2ml and
closed by aluminium foil on acidic
cupboard.
IV. It was added by NaClO 65ml with
slowly and
stirred until the mixture change
colour to greenish yellow solution.
V. It was let stand until 10 minutes in
acidic cupboard.
VI. Then it was filtered by Büchner
VIII
. funnel.
VII. Afterwards, it was rinsed by water
until the precipitate in the beaker
glass is loss.
The residue(crystal) was taken and it
was dried
in the oven.
IX. It was balanced by electric scale.
Iodoform
Testing
A.1-propanol test
o 5 drops of 1-propanol was dropped
into test tube.
o It was added by dioxane 5ml.
o It was added by 1ml of NaOH 1% until
form 2 layers.
o It was added by some drops of KI.I2
until the colour change to brown.
o It was added by 20 drops of NaOH.
o It was divided into two observation,
namely heated and let stand.

B.Ethyl acetoacetate test

o 5 drops of ethyl acetoacetate was
dropped into test tube.
o It was added by dioxane 5ml.
o It was added by 1ml of NaOH 1% until
form 2 layers.
o It was added by some drops of KI.I2
until the colour change to brown.
o It was added by 20 drops of NaOH.
o It was divided into two observation,
namely heated and let stand.
C. Acetophenone test
o 5 drops of acetophenone was
dropped into test tube.
o It was added by dioxane 5ml.
o It was added by 1ml of NaOH 1% until
form 2 layers.
o It was added by some drops of KI.I2
until the
colour change to brown.
o It was added by 20 drops of NaOH.
o It was divided into two observation,
namely heated and let stand.
 Observati
S.
No.
on Experiment Observation

Synthesis of
Iodoform
1. 6g of KI
KI(g) was balanced on
electric scale
2. 100ml of water
It was added in glass
beaker with water
3. 2ml of acetone
Acetone was added
4. 65ml of
NaClO was added by NaClO
dropper and stirred greenish
yellow
5. mixture
It was let stand
until 10 minutes in Separate:
cupboard -Transparent
soln
6. -Greenish
yellow ppt
It was filtered by
Büchner funnel Get yellow
crystal
7. The crystal dried in oven Pre dry

8. It was balanced on crystal

electrical scale
Weight: 1.1g
9. It was filled in capillary
tube and determined
its melting point Temperature
: 120oC to
124oC
 Iodoform Test

A. 1-propanol test

1-propanol 5 drops
of 1-
propanol
It was added by
5ml of
dioxane It was added dioxane

by NaOH 1% 1ml NaOH, forms

2 layer
-Transparent soln
-turbidity soln

It was added by Brown solution

KI.I2 It was added 20 drops of

by NaOH NaOH

It was divides into

2 parts: -Transparent
-Heated soln
-Let stand -Dark Yellow soln
B. Ethyl acetoacetate test

1-propanol 5 drops
of 1-
propanol
It was added by
5ml of
dioxane
dioxane It was added
1ml NaOH, forms
by NaOH 1% 2 layer
-Transparent soln
-turbidity soln

Brown solution
It was added by

20 drops of
KI.I2 It was added NaOH

by NaOH -Yellow solution

-Yellow solution
It was divides into
2 parts:
-Heated
-Let stand
C. Acetophenone test

Acetophenone 5 drops of
Acetophenon
e
It was added by
5ml of
dioxane
dioxane It was added
1ml NaOH, forms
by NaOH 1% 2 layer
-Transparent soln
-turbidity soln

It was added by Brown solution

20 drops of
KI.I2 It was added NaOH

by NaOH -Yellow
solution and
It was divides into white ppt
2 parts: -Yellow
-Heated solution

-Let stand
 Theor
y
In this experiment, that had been done of
balancing the KI as the main compound
in. Iodoform synthetic that dissolved
with H2O and added by acetone and
NaClO with slowly. As the function of KI to
react with NaClO to form KCl and NaOI. As
the function of NaClO addition with
slowly is to react with perfectly.

KI + NaClO — >KCl + NaOI

NaOI will be decompose in become to

NaO+ and I-. Addition of acetone as
function to react with the ion I- with NaO+
and H+,and the solution
is let stand. So that forming CH3COONa
solution(carboxylic salt) and CHI3
(Iodoform) from acetone compound. As
the function of kept solution in acidic
cupboard is the precipitate that
precipitated in the bottom of glass
beaker and the compound is not
evaporating in atmosphere. The reaction
is as follows:
Step
1: O O
| ||
CH3 —| C — CH3 + KI + NaOCl — > CH3
— C — CH3

+ KCl + NaOH
Step 2:
O O
|| ||
CH3 — C — CH3 + NaOI — > CH3 — C
— CH2 — I
Step
3: +ONaOH
||
O ||
CH3 — C — CH2I + NaOI — > CH3
— C — CHI2

Step + NaOH
4: O
||
O ||
CH3 — C — CHI2 + NaOI — > CH3
— C — CHI3

Step + NaOH
5: O
||
O ||
CH3 — C — CHI3 + NaOI — > CH3
— C — O-Na+

+ CHI3
Precipitated solution is filtered by
Büchner funnel so that the crystal that is
being obtained become dry fast. Crystal
then put into the oven so that the
drying process more fast and
evaporating the left of after that contain
in crystal. The colour of iodoform crystal
is yellow. Crystal that obtained from
recrystallisation because it has form an
iodoform crystal reviewed from it
colour, smell and it’s melting point. The
weight of crystal is 1.1 g and rendement
is 10.34%, so if crystal is recrystallised
again, it can produce less weight than
1.1g. As the melting point of iodoform
crystal is 120o-124oC. This is same wit h
theory that the melting point of
iodoform is 123oC. Least amount of
rendement is obtained because there is
iodoform in filtrate and much of the
iodoform that evaporated when stand
was kept still in acidic cupboard and also
the stirring way of solution at the NaClO
addition.
 Calculati
on
Acetone (molecular weight) =
0.782 g/ml Acetone = 58g/mol
Acetone (volume) = 2ml
Iodoform (molar weight) = 373.79
g/mol Iodoform (obs) (mass) = 1.1 g
Problem:
Rendement……?
Solution:
Mass acetone(n) = (molar weight x
volume) acetone
= 0.782 g/ml x 2ml
= 1.584g

= 0.027 mol
1 Mole of acetone = 1 Mole of iodoform
Mass of iodoform (the) = mass acetone x molar
mass
of
iodoform
= 0.027 mol x 393.79
g/mol
= 10.63 g
= 10.32 %
 Conclusi
on
Based on the experiment they had been
done, so it may be conclude that :

(A) The principal of isolation of isolation of

organic compound (EPMS) of
phenylpropanoid form galingale are
maceration, separation, extraction and
purification.

(B) The isolation technique in galingale can

be obtained with maceration way,
separation and purification.

Precaution
1. We should be more careful while
doing this experiment.

2.We should be more compact with

friends group.
Bibliograp
hy
www.google.com

www.byjus.com

www.vedantu.com

Chemistry class 12

NCERT textbook