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CH 3

Chapter Three discusses electric fields in material bodies, focusing on the classification of materials into conductors, semiconductors, and insulators based on their conductivity. It covers key concepts such as convection and conduction currents, polarization in dielectrics, and boundary conditions at interfaces between different materials. The chapter emphasizes the behavior of electric fields within conductors and the implications of Maxwell's equations for understanding these phenomena.

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16 views16 pages

CH 3

Chapter Three discusses electric fields in material bodies, focusing on the classification of materials into conductors, semiconductors, and insulators based on their conductivity. It covers key concepts such as convection and conduction currents, polarization in dielectrics, and boundary conditions at interfaces between different materials. The chapter emphasizes the behavior of electric fields within conductors and the implications of Maxwell's equations for understanding these phenomena.

Uploaded by

yohanniskidanu139
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electromagnetic Fields

Chapter Three

Electric Fields in
Material Body
Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)
Arba Minch Institute Technology(AMiT)
Outlines
• Introduction
• Properties of Materials
• Convection and Conduction Currents
• Conductors
• Polarization in Dielectrics
• Dielectric Constant and Strength
• Boundary conditions
Introduction

 Theory of electric phenomena in material space


Classification of materials based on electrical
properties
 Conductors
 Semi-conductors.
 Non-conducting materials (insulators or
dielectrics).
Properties of Materials

 In a broad sense, materials may be classified in terms of


their conductivity in (S/m)or
 High conductivity (   1)  conductors (metals)
 Low conductivity ( 1)  insulators
 A material whose conductivity lies somewhere
between those of metals and insulators is called a
semiconductor.
 Conductivity also depends on the temperature of the
metal
 At (T = 0°K), some conductors change to
superconductors
 Note: Major difference between metals and insulators is
the availability of electrons for conduction current
Convection and Conduction Currents
The current (in amperes) through a given area is the electric charge
passing through the area per unit time.

Q dQ
I 
t dt
Current Density: I
Jn  or I  J n S (for J  S)
S

Otherwise: I  J S thus,



I  J dS
S
Current Densities:
convection current density (Ohm’s law doesn’t
apply)
conduction current density, and
5
displacement current density
Cont’d
Convection current density
Consider the figure:

• A flow charge ,
l
I v S v S u y
t

I
Jy  v u y
The y-directed current Jy is given by: S
In general: J v u
Where

I is the convection current and J is the convection current density


6
in (A/m ).
2
Cont’d
• Conduction current The force on an electron with
charge -e is:
F = -eE
According to Newton’s law,
we have
or
(1)

where, is the average time


interval between collisions, m is
If there are n electrons perelectron mass
unit volume, the electron
u is drift velocity
charge density is given by
v  ne (2)
Thus the conduction current
density is
7
Conductors
A perfect conductor cannot contain an electrostatic field within it. Why? Assignment

A conductor is an equipotential body!

E = - ∇V = 0.

8
Cont’d Consider the figure:
Resistance
Electric filed applied is uniform S
and its magnitude is given by:
V
E ( E 0)
l
Since the conductor a uniform cross
section

Hence,
I V
J   E  and
S l
V l Where is
R  the resistivity of the
I S material. 9
EXAMPLE

(a) The charge density offree electrons


(b) The current density
(c) The current in the wire 2.
(d) The drift velocity of the electrons. Take the
electronic charge as
EXERCISE
1.

2.

10
Polarization in Dielectrics
• External electric field when applied to dielectrics displacement of
charges takes place
• The displacement of the charges results in a polarized dipole
• The distorted charge distribution is equivalent, by the principle of
superposition, to the original distribution plus a dipole whose moment is
given by:

P Qd

Polarization of a nonpolar atom or molecule


If there are N dipoles in
a volume of the
dielectric,
N

lim Q d k k
P  v  0 k 1
v
11
Polarization of a polar molecule
Boundary Conditions
Boundary conditions is the condition that the
field must satisfy at the interface separating
the mediaconditions at an interface separating:
The boundary
– Dielectric and dielectric
– Conductor and dielectric
– Conductor and free space

To determine the boundary conditions, we need to use


Maxwell’s equation:
and

• Decomposing the electric field intensity E into orthogonal


components

12
Cont’d
A. Dielectric-Dielectric Boundary
Conditions
Consider the figures below:

E, undergoes no change on the


boundary
and is continuous across the
boundary.

13
con
B. Conductor-Dielectric Boundary Conditions
• Applying Maxwell’s equation to the
closed
• path abcda So

So
or
14
Conductor – dielectric boundary conditions

Thus under static conditions, the following


conclusions can be made about a perfect conductor:
1. No electric field may exist within a conductor;
that is,

there can be no potential difference between any two


points
in the conductor; that is, a conductor is an equipotential body.

3. The electric field E can be external to the conductor and


normal to its surface; that is

15
con
C. Conductor – free space boundary conditions
This is a special case of
conductor dielectric condition.
Free space is a special
dielectric for which

Thus the
boundary
conditions are

16

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