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Gravity

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation describes the gravitational attraction between two masses, stating that the force is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. It also explains gravitational potential energy and the dynamics of orbits, including Kepler's laws of planetary motion which detail the elliptical orbits of planets around the sun. The document emphasizes the significance of gravitational forces in maintaining the structure of celestial bodies and their movements in space.

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26 views23 pages

Gravity

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation describes the gravitational attraction between two masses, stating that the force is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. It also explains gravitational potential energy and the dynamics of orbits, including Kepler's laws of planetary motion which detail the elliptical orbits of planets around the sun. The document emphasizes the significance of gravitational forces in maintaining the structure of celestial bodies and their movements in space.

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pre123541974
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© © All Rights Reserved
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NEWTON’S LAW OF UNIVERSAL

GRAVITATION
Gravitation is one of the
four classes of interactions
found in nature, and it was
the earliest of the four to be
studied extensively.
Newton’s discovered in the
17th century that the same
interaction that makes an
apple fall out of a tree also
keeps the planets in their
orbits around the sun.
The example of gravitational attraction
that’s probably most familiar to you is
your weight, the force that attracts you
toward the earth.
Newton’s discovered the fundamental
character of the gravitational attraction
between two any bodies. Along with his
three laws of motion, Newton published
the Law of Gravitation in 1687.
“Every particle of a matter in the universe
attracts every other particle with a force
that is directly proportional to the
product of the masses of the particles
and inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them.”

Fg = Gm1m2/r2

Fg = magnitude of the gravitational force


G = fundamental physical constant
(gravitational constant)
The presently accepted value of G
is
G = 6.67 x 10-11 N.m2/kg2
Example:
The mass m1 of one of the small
spheres of a Cavendish balance is
0.0100 kg, the mass m2 of the
nearest large sphere is 0.500 kg.
and the center-to-center distance
between them is 0.500 m. Find
the gravitational force on each
sphere.
Solution:
Fg = Gm1m2/r2
= 6.67 x 10-11 N.m2/kg2 (0.0100kg)
(0.500 kg)
(0.0500 m) 2
= 1.33 x 10-10 N
ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITATIONAL
ATTRACTION

Example:
Suppose the two spheres in
the previous example are
placed with their centers
0.0500 m apart at a point in
space far removed from all
other bodies. What is the
magnitude of the acceleration
of each, relative to an inertial
system?
Solution:
a1 = Fg/m1
= 1.33 x 10-10 N
0.0100 kg
= 1.33 x 10-8 m/s2

a2 = Fg/m2
= 1.33 x 10-10 N
0.500 kg
= 2.66 x 10-10 m/s2
GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

Why gravitational forces are


important?
A useful way to describe forces
that act at a distance is in
terms of a field.
One body sets up a disturbance
or field at all points in space,
and the force that acts on a
second body at a particular
point is its response to the first
body’s field at that point.
Gravitation is the most important force on the
scale of planets, stars, and galaxies. It is
responsible for holding our earth together and
for keeping the planets in orbit around the
sun.

The gravitational force is so important on the


cosmic scale because it acts at a distance ,
without any direct contact between bodies.

Our solar system is part of a spiral galaxy,


which contains roughly 1011 stars as well as
gase, dust, and other matter. The entire
assemblage is held together by the mutual
gravitational attraction of all the matter in the
galaxy
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

Consider a block with a mass,


and is tied to the end of a rope
and goes up over a pulley while
the other end is being pulled by
a man. If the man lets go of the
rope, the rope will be pulled
downward with a force equal to
the force of gravity of the block.
The work performed by the block
depends on the weight and
height, h. The work done will
be:
W=Fd , since F = mg , then:
W = mg ( h) where: d = ( h)
Gravitational Potential Energy, Eg , is
the energy stored of an object
because of its distance above the
surface of the Earth. The change in
gravitational energy of an object is
expressed as:
Eg = mg h
m=mass (kg)
g= acceleration due to gravity
h= vertical displacement of the
object
ORBITS
A circular orbit, is the simplest case. It
is also important case, since many
artificial satellites have nearly circular
orbits and the orbits of the planets
around the sun are also fairly circular.
The only force acting on the satellite
in circular orbit around the earth is
the earth’s gravitational attraction,
which is directed toward the center of
the earth and hence toward the
center of the orbit. This means that
the satellite is in uniform circular
motion and its speed is constant.
The satellite isn’t falling toward the
earth, rather, it’s constantly falling
around the earth.
The radius of the orbit is r, measured
from the center of the earth; the
acceleration of the satellite has
magnitude
arad =v2/r and is always directed toward
the center of the circle. By the law of
gravitation, the net force (gravitational
force) on the satellite of mass m has
magnitude Fg = GmEm/r2 and as the
same direction as the acceleration.
FORMULA FOR CIRCULAR ORBIT:

v = GmE/r

The satellite’s mass m doesn’t


appear in the equation above,
which shows that the motion of
a satellite does not depend on
its mass. If we could cut a
satellite in half without
changing its speed, each half
would continue on with the
original motion.
We can derive a relationship
between the radius r of a
circular orbit and the period
T, the time for one revolution.
The speed is the distance
traveled in one revolution,
divided by the period T:
v=2 r/T
Sample Problem:
You wish to put a 1000kg
satellite into a circular orbit
300 km above the earth’s
surface. What speed, period,
and radial acceleration will it
have?
KEPLER’S LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION

The nature of planetary orbits


was deduced between 1601 to
1619 by the German
astronomer and
mathematician Johannes
Kepler, using a voluminous set
of precise data on apparent
planetary motions compiled by
his mentor, the Danish
astronomer Tycho Brahe.
1. Law of Orbit
The first law explains that all
planets move in elliptical orbits with
the sun at one focus.
Kepler’s first law means that
planets move around the sun in
elliptical orbits. An ellipse is a shape
that resemble a flattened circle.
How much the circle is flattened is
expressed by eccentricity. The
eccentricity is a number between 0
and 1. It is zero for a perfect circle.
2. Law of Area
A radius vector joining any
planet to the Sun sweeps out
equal areas in equal lengths
of time.
When a planet is near the sun,
it travels faster and sweeps
through a longer path in a
given time.
3. Law of Periods
The squares of the sidereal
periods (P) of the planets are
directly proportional to the
cubes of their mean distances
(d) from the sun.
P2 = kd3
where k is a constant

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