Physics Notes Class 11 CHAPTER 8

GRAVITATION
Kepler’s for celestial bodies
Kepler’s First Law (Law of Orbits)

Every planet revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit. The sun is situated at
one foci of the ellipse.

Kepler’s Second Law (Law of Areas)

The line joining a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of
time, i.e.,
the areal velocity of the planet around the sun is constant

Kepler’s Third Law (Law of Periods)

The square of the time period of revolution of a planet around the sun is
directly proportional to the cube of the semi major axis of its elliptical
orbit.

Universal law of gravitation

For a point mass

o The point of attraction between a hollow spherical shell of uniform density and a
point mass situated outside is just as if the entire mass of the cell is
concentrated at the center of the shell.
o The force of attraction due to a hollow spherical shell of uniform density, on a point
mass inside it is zero.
Gravitation Constant, G = 6.67 × 10– 11 Nm2/kg2

Earth’s gravitational acceleration,

Gravitational potential energy

For any two bodies,

Escape velocity

This is the escape velocity for

Total energy of a mass m moving with a velocity v in the vicinity of another mass M,
 For circular path of radius a,

Earth’s satellite
o Speed and time period

o For satellite very close to earth,

Energy of orbiting satellite

Geostationary satellite

o Height is about 36000 km.

o T = 24 h

o Used in television and other communication and broadcasting (INSAT group)

Polar satellites are low-altitude satellites. They orbit the earth many times
during a day. They are used in remote sensing, meteorology, and environment
studies.

Weightlessness

o In space weightlessness is experienced because gravitational pull is used up in

providing centripetal force.
o In free fall weightlessness is experienced because there is no normal force acting
opposite to the force of gravity.

Parking orbit is a temporary orbit around the Earth where the satellite is
temporarily parked before it is launched to its desired orbit.
Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which is called the force
of
gravitation.

Gravitation is one of the four classes of interactions found in nature.

These are
(i) the gravitational force

(ii) the electromagnetic force

(iii) the strong nuclear force (also called the hadronic force).

(iv) the weak nuclear forces.

Although, of negligible importance in the interactions of elementary particles, gravity is of

primary importance in the interactions of objects. It is gravity that holds the universe
together.

Newton’s Law of Gravitation

Gravitational force is a attractive force between two masses m1 and m2 separated by a

distance r.

The gravitational force acting between two point objects is proportional to the product of
their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Gravitational force.
where G is universal gravitational constant.

The value of G is 6.67 X 10- 11 Nm2 kg-2 and is same throughout the universe.
The value of G is independent of the nature and size of the bodies well as the nature of
the medium between them.
Dimensional formula of Gis [M- 1L3T-2].

Important Points about Gravitation Force

(i) Gravitational force is a central as well as conservative force.

(ii) It is the weakest force in nature.

(iii) It is 1036 times smaller than electrostatic force and 10’l8times smaller than nuclear
force.

(iv) The law of gravitational is applicable for all bodies, irrespective of their size, shape
and position.

(v) Gravitational force acting between sun and planet provide it centripetal force for
orbital motion.
(vi) Gravitational pull of the earth is called gravity.

(vii) Newton’s third law of motion holds good for the force of gravitation. It means
the gravitation forces between two bodies are action-reaction pairs.
Following three points are important regarding the gravitational force

(i) Unlike the electrostatic force, it is independent of the medium between the

particles. (ii) It is conservative in nature.

(iii) It expresses the force between two point masses (of negligible volume). However,
for external points of spherical bodies the whole mass can be assumed to be
concentrated at its centre of mass.

Note Newton’s law of gravitation holde goods for object lying at uery large distances and
also at very short distances. It fails when the distance between the objects is less than 10-9
m i.e., of the order of intermolecular distances.
Acceleration Due to Gravity

The uniform acceleration produced in a freely falling object due to the gravitational pull of
the earth is known as acceleration due to gravity.
It is denoted by g and its unit is m/s2 . It is a vector quantity and its direction is towards
the centre of the earth.
The value of g is independent of the mass of the object which is falling freely under gravity.

The value of g changes slightly from place to place. The value of g is taken to be 9.8 m/s2
for all practical purposes.

The value of acceleration due to gravity on the moon is about. one sixth of that On the
earth and on the sun is about 27 times of that on the earth.
Among the planets, the acceleration due to gravity is minimum on the mercury.

Relation between g and a is given by

g = Gm / R2

where M = mass of the earth = 6.0 * 1024 kg and R = radius of the earth = 6.38 * 106 m.

Acceleration due to gravity at a height h above the surface of the earth is given by

gh = Gm / (R+h)2 = g (1 – 2h / R)

Factors Affecting Acceleration Due to Gravity

(i) Shape of Earth Acceleration due to gravity g &infi; 1 / R2 Earth is elliptical in

shape. Its diameter at poles is approximately 42 km less than its diameter at equator.
Therefore, g is minimum at equator and maximum at poles.

(ii) Rotation of Earth about Its Own Axis If ω is the angular velocity of rotation of
earth about its own axis, then acceleration due to gravity at a place having latitude λ is
given by
g’ = g – Rω2 cos2 λ

At poles λ = 90° and g’ = g

Therefore, there is no effect of rotation of earth about its own axis at poles.

At equator λ = 0° and g’ = g – Rω2

The value of g is minimum at equator

If earth stapes its rotation about its own axis, then g will remain unchanged at poles
but increases by Rω2at equator.

(iii) Effect of Altitude The value of g at height h from earth’s surface

g’ = g / (1 + h / R)2

Therefore g decreases with altitude.

(iv) Effect of Depth The value of gat depth h A from earth’s surface

g’ = g * (1 – h / R)

Therefore g decreases with depth from earth’s surface.

The value of g becomes zero at earth’s centre.
Gravitational Field

The space in the surrounding of any body in which its gravitational pull can be experienced
by other bodies is called gravitational field.
Intensity of Gravitational Field

The gravitational force acting per unit mass at Earth any point in gravitational field is
called intensity of gravitational field at that point.
It is denoted by Eg or I.

Eg or I = F / m

Intensity of gravitational field at a distance r from a body of mass M is given

by Eg or I = GM / r2

It is a vector quantity and its direction is towards the centre of gravity of the

body. Its S1 unit is N/m and its dimensional formula is [LT-2].

Gravitational mass Mg is defined by Newton’s law of gravitation.

Mg = Fg / g = W / g = Weight of body / Acceleration due to gravity

∴ (M1)g / (M2)g = Fg1g2 / Fg2g1

Gravitational Potential

Gravitational potential at any point in gravitational field is equal the work done per unit
mass in bringing a very light body from infinity to that point.
It is denoted by Vg.
Gravitational potential, Vg = W / m = – GM / r
Its SI unit is J / kg and it is a scalar quantity. Its dimensional formula is [L3r-2].

Since work W is obtained, that is, it is negative, the gravitational potential is always
negative.

Gravitational Potential Energy

Gravitational potential energy of any object at any point in gravitational field is equal to
the work done in bringing it from infinity to that point. It is denoted by U.
Gravitational potential energy U = – GMm / r

The negative sign shows that the gravitational potential energy decreases with
increase in distance.
Gravitational potential energy at height h from surface of earth

Uh = – GMm / R + h = mgR / 1 + h/R

Satellite

A heavenly object which revolves around a planet is called a satellite. Natural satellites
are those heavenly objects which are not man made and revolve around the earth.
Artificial satellites are those neaven objects which are man made and launched for
some purposes revolve around the earth.

Time period of satellite

T = 2π √r3 / GM

= 2π √(R + h)3 / g [ g = GM / R2
Near the earth surface, time period of the satellite

T = 2π √R3 / GM = √3π / Gp

T = 2π √R / g = 5.08 * 103 s = 84 min.

where p is the average density of earth.

Artificial satellites are of two types :

1. Geostationary or Parking Satellites

A satellite which appears to be at a fixed position at a definite height to an observer on

earth is called geostationary or parking satellite.

Height from earth’s surface = 36000 km

Radius of orbit = 42400 km

Time period = 24 h

Orbital velocity = 3.1 km/s

Angular velocity = 2π / 24 = π / 12 rad / h

There satellites revolve around the earth in equatorial orbits.

The angular velocity of the satellite is same in magnitude and direction as that of
angular velocity of the earth about its own axis.
These satellites are used in communication purpose.
INSAT 2B and INSAT 2C are geostationary satellites of India.

2. Polar Satellites

These are those satellites which revolve in polar orbits around earth. A polar orbit is that
orbit whose angle of inclination with equatorial plane of earth is 90°.

Height from earth’s surface = 880 km

Time period = 84 min

Orbital velocity = 8 km / s

Angular velocity = 2π / 84 = π / 42 rad / min.

There satellites revolve around the earth in polar orbits.

These satellites are used in forecasting weather, studying the upper region of the
atmosphere, in mapping, etc.
PSLV series satellites are polar satellites of India.

Orbital Velocity

Orbital velocity of a satellite is the minimum velocity required to the satellite into a given
orbit around earth.
Orbital velocity of a satellite is given by
vo = √GM / r = R √g / R + h

where, M = mass of the planet, R = radius of the planet and h = height of the satellite
from planet’s surface.
If satellite is revolving near the earth’s surface, then r = (R + h) =- R

Now orbital velocity,

vo = √gR

= 7.92km / h

if v is the speed of a satellite in its orbit and vo is the required orbital velocity to move in
the orbit, then
(i) If v < vo, then satellite will move on a parabolic path and satellite falls back to

earth. (ii) If V = vo then satellite revolves in circular path/orbit around earth.

(iii) If vo < V < ve then satellite shall revolve around earth in elliptical orbit.

Energy of a Satellite in Orbit

Total energy of a satellite

E = KE + PE
= GMm / 2r + (- GMm / r)

= – GMm / 2r

Binding Energy

The energy required to remove a satellite from its orbit around the earth (planet) to
infinity is called binding energy of the satellite.
Binding energy of the satellite of mass m is given by

BE = + GMm / 2r

Escape Velocity
Escape velocity on earth is the minimum velocity with which a body has to be projected
vertically upwards from the earth’s surface so that it just crosses the earth’s gravitational
field and never returns.
Escape velocity of any object

ve = √2GM / R

= √2gR = √ 8πp GR2 / 3

Escape velocity does not depend upon the mass or shape or size of the body as well as
the direction of projection of the body.
Escape velocity at earth is 11.2 km / s.

Some Important Escape Velocities

Heavenly body Escape velocity

Moon 2.3 km/s

Relation between escape velocity and orbital velocity of the satellite

ve = √2 vo

If velocity of projection U is equal the escape velocity (v = ve), then the satellite will
escape away following a parabolic path.

If velocity of projection u of satellite is greater than the escape velocity ( v > ve), then
the satellite will escape away following a hyperbolic path.

Weightlessness

It is a situation in which the effective weight of the body becomes zero,

Weightlessness is achieved

(i) during freely falling under gravity

(ii) inside a space craft or satellite

(iii) at the centre of the earth

(iv) when a body is lying in a freely falling lift.

Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

(i) Law of orbit Every planet revolve around the sun in elliptical orbit and sun is at its
one focus.

(ii) Law of area The radius vector drawn from the sun to a planet sweeps out equal
areas in equal intervals of time, i.e., the areal velocity of the planet around the sun is
constant.
Areal velocity of a planet

dA / dt = L / 2m = constant

where L = angular momentum and m = mass of the planet.

(iii) Law of period The square of the time period of revolution of planet around the
sun is directly proportional to the cube semi-major axis of its elliptical orbit.

T2 &infi; a3 or (T1 / T2)2 = (a1 / a2)3

where, a = semi-major axis of the elliptical orbit.

Important Points

(i) A missile is launched with a velocity less than the escape velocity. The sum of its
kinetic energy and potential energy is negative.
(ii) The orbital speed ofjupiter is less than the orbital speed of earth.

(iii) A bomb explodes on the moon. You cannot hear the sound of the explosion on earth.

(iv) A bottle filled with water at 30°C and fitted with a cork is taken to the moon. If the
cork is opened at the surface of the moon then water will boil.
(v) For a satellite orbiting near earth’s surface

(a) Orbital velocity = 8 km / s

(b) Time period = 84 min approximately

(c) Angular speed ω = 2π / 84 rad / min

= 0.00125 rad / s
(vi) Inertial mass and gravitational mass

(a) Inertial mass = force / acceleration

(b) Gravitational mass = weight of body / acceleration due to gravity

(c) They are equal to each other in magnitude.

(d) Gravitational mass of a body is affected by the presence of other bodies near it.
Inertial mass of a body remains unaffected by the presence of other bodies near it.