Unit-5

Single Phase Induction Motor

and
Special Machines

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 Single Phase Induction Motor
Construction of single phase induction motor

• Similar to a dc motor, single phase induction motor

has basically two main parts, one rotating part and
other stationary part.

• The stationary part in single phase induction motors

is called stator while the rotating part is called rotor.

• The stator has laminated construction, made up of

stampings. 2
• The stampings are slotted on its periphery to carry the
winding called stator winding or main winding.

• This is excited by a single phase supply.

• The laminated construction keeps iron losses to minimum.

• The stampings are made up of material like silicon steel

which minimises the hysteresis losses.

• The stator winding is wound for certain definite number of

poles.

• The stator supply produces the magnetic field which creates

the number of poles.
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• The synchronous speed Ns=120f/p (rpm).

• The induction motor never rotates with the synchronous speed

but rotates at a speed which is slightly less than the synchronous
speed.

• The rotor construction is of squirrel cage type.

• In this type, rotor consists of uninsulated copper or aluminum

bars, placed in the slots.

• The bars are permanently shorted at both the ends with the help
of conducting rings called end rings.

• The entire structure looks like cage hence called squirrel cage
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rotor.
• As the bars are permanently shorted to each other, the
resistance of the entire rotor is very very small.

• The air gap between stator and rotor is kept uniform and as
small as possible.

• The main features of this rotor is that it automatically adjusts

itself for same number of poles as that of the stator winding.

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Construction of two pole single phase
induction motor.

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 Working principle of single phase
induction motor

• The motoring action, two fluxes interact with

each other to produce the torque.

In dc motors,

• Field winding produces the main flux and

armature winding produce armature flux. The
main flux and armature flux interact to produce
the torque. 7
In the single phase induction motor,

• Single phase AC supply is given to the stator winding.

• The stator winding carries an alternating current which

produces the flux. This flux is called main flux.

• This flux links with rotor conductors. The induced emf ,

rotor current produces another flux is called rotor flux
required motoring action.

• DC motors are self starting while 1ɸ induction motors

are not self starting. 8
 Double field revolving theory
• The double-field revolving theory is proposed to explain this
dilemma of no torque at start and yet torque once rotated.

• According to this theory, any alternating quantity can be resolved

into two rotating components which rotate in opposite directions
and each having magnitude as half of the maximum magnitude of
the alternating quantity.

• In single phase induction motors, the stator winding produces an

alternating magnetic field having maximum magnitude of ɸ1m.

• This theory is based on the fact that an alternating sinusoidal flux

can be represented by two revolving fluxes, each equal to one-half
of the maximum value of alternating flux (i.e., ɸ1m/2) and each
rotating at synchronous speed (Ns = 120 f/P) in opposite directions.9
Let
ɸf is forward component rotating in anticlockwise direction.
ɸb is backward component rotating in clockwise direction.
 The resultant of these two components at any instant
gives the instantaneous value of the stator flux at that
instant. So resultant of these two is the original stator flux.

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• At start the stator flux and its two components ɸf and ɸb are
shown in opposite to each other. Thus the resultant ɸ R =0.

• After 90°, the two components are rotated in such a way that
both are pointing in the same direction. ɸ R = ɸ1m/2 +
ɸ1m/2= ɸ1m.

• This is nothing but the instantaneous value of the stator flux at

θ=90°. Thus continuous rotation of the two components gives
the original alternating stator flux.

• Both the components are rotating and hence get cut by the rotor
conductors.

• Due to cutting of flux, emf gets induced in rotor which circulates

rotor current. 11
• The rotor current produces rotor flux. This flux interacts with
forward component ɸf to produce a torque in one particular
direction say anticlockwise direction.

• While rotor flux interacts with backward component ɸ b to

produce a torque in the clockwise direction.

• So if anticlockwise torque is positive then clockwise torque is

negative.

• At start these two torques are equal in magnitude but opposite

in direction. Each torque tries to rotate the rotor in its own
direction.

• Thus net torque experienced by the rotor is zero at start. And

hence the single phase induction motors are not self starting. 12
 Torque Speed Characteristics
The two oppositely directed torques and the
resultant torque can be shown effectively with the
help of torque-speed characteristics.

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• It can be seen that at start N=0 and at that point resultant torque
is zero. So single phase induction motors are not self starting.

• If the rotor is gives an initial rotation in any direction, the

resultant average torque increases in the direction in which rotor
is initially rotated and motor is starts rotating in that direction.

• But in practice it is not possible to give initial torque to rotor

externally hence some modifications are done in the
construction of single phase induction motors to make the self
starting.

• Cross field theory- The axis of rotor flux is at 90° to the axis of
stator flux hence this rotor flux is called cross-field.
(assume that an initial push is given to the rotor in anticlockwise
direction) 14
 Making Single-Phase Induction Motor Self-Starting
• The single-phase induction motor is not self starting and it is
undesirable to resort to mechanical spinning of the shaft or pulling a
belt to start it.

• To make a single-phase induction motor self - starting, we should

somehow produce a revolving stator magnetic field.

• This may be achieved by converting a single-phase supply into two-

phase supply through the use of an additional winding.

• When the motor attains sufficient speed, the starting means (i.e.,
additional winding) may be removed depending upon the type of the
motor.

• As a matter of fact, single-phase induction motors are classified and

named according to the method employed to make them self-starting. 15
Types of single phase induction motors

1. Split phase induction motor

2. Capacitor start induction motor
3. Capacitor start capacitor run
induction motor
4. Shaded pole induction motor

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 1. Split Phase Induction Motor
• This type of motor has single phase stator winding
called main winding.
• In addition to this, stator carries one more winding
called auxiliary winding or starting winding.

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• The auxiliary winding carries a series resistance
such that its impedance is highly resistive in nature.

• The main winding is inductive in nature.

Let
IM = Current through main winding
Ist = Current through auxiliary winding.

• As main winding is inductive, current I m lags voltage

V by a large angle ɸm while Ist is almost in phase in V
as auxiliary winding highly resistive.
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• The phase difference of α between the two currents and hence
between the two fluxes produced by the two currents.

• The resultant of these fluxes is a rotating magnetic field.

• Due to this, the starting torque, which acts only in one direction
is produced.

• The auxiliary winding has a centrifugal switch connected in series.

• When the motor gathers 75 to 80% of the synchronous speed,

centrifugal switch gets opened.

• So the motor runs only in main winding and auxiliary winding

disconnected.
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• So auxiliary winding designed for short time and
main winding designed for continuous use.

• As the current IM and Ist are splitted from each

other by angle α at start, the motor is commonly
called split phase motor.
Torque Speed Characteristics

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• The starting torque Tst is proportional to the split angle α.

• Starting torque range is 125 to 150% of full load torque.

• The direction of rotation of this motor can be reversed by reversing

the terminals of either main winding or auxiliary winding.

Applications
• This motors have low starting current and moderate starting
torque.

• It is used for fans, blowers, grinders, centrifugal pumps, washing

machines, oil burners etc..

• These are available in the range of 1/20 to ½ kw 21

 2. Capacitor Start induction Motors
• The construction of this type of induction motor is similar to the resistance
split phase type.

• The difference is that in series with the auxiliary winding the capacitor is
connected.

• The capacitive circuit draws a leading current, this feature used in this type
to increase the split phase angle α between the two currents I m and Ist.

• Depending upon whether capacitor remains in the circuit permanently or

is disconnected from the circuit using centrifugal switch, these motors are
classified as,

1. Capacitor start IM and

2. Capacitor start capacitor run IM 22
 The capacitor start motor current Im lags the voltage by angle
ɸm while due to capacitor the current Ist leads the voltage by
angle ɸst.
 Hence there exists a large phase difference between the two
currents which is almost 90°.

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• The starting torque is proportional to α and
hence such motors produce very high starting
torque.

• When speed approaches to 75 to 80 % of the

synchronous speed, the starting winding gets
disconnected due to operation of the
centrifugal switch.

• The capacitor remains in the circuit only at start

hence it is called capacitor start motor.
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3. Capacitor start capacitor run motors
• In case of capacitor start capacitor run motor,
there is no centrifugal switch and capacitor
remain permanently in the circuit. This
improves the power factor.

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• The phasor diagram remains same as capacitor
start motor.

• The performance not only at start but in running

condition also depends on the capacitor C.

• Hence its value is to be designed so as to

compromise between best starting and best
running condition.

• Hence the starting torque available in such type of

motor is about 50 to 100 % of full load torque. 26
• The capacitor value can be selected as per the
requirement of starting torque, the starting
torque can be as high as 350 to 400 % of full
load torque.

Torque –speed characteristics 27

• The direction of rotation, in both the types can be changed by
interchanging the connections of main winding or auxiliary winding.

• The capacitor permanently in the circuit improves the power factor.

• These motors are more costly than split phase type motors.

Applications
• These motors have high starting torque and hence are used for hard
starting loads.

• Compressors, conveyors, grinders, fans, blowers, refrigerators, air

conditioners etc.,

• The CSCR motors are used in ceiling fans, blowers, air-circulators.

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 4. Shaded Pole Induction Motors
• This type of motor consists of a squirrel cage rotor and
stator consisting of salient poles i.e. projected poles.

• The poles are shaded i.e. each pole carries a copper band
on one of its unequally divided part called shading band.29
 When single phase AC supply is given to the stator
winding, due to shading provided to the poles, a rotating
magnetic field is generated.

 The current carried by the stator winding is alternating and

produces alternating flux.
 The distribution of this flux in
the pole area is greatly
influenced by the role of copper
shading band.

 Consider the three instants say

t1, t2 and t3 during first half cycle
of the flux. 30
At instant t=t1, rate of rise of current and
flux is very high.
Due to transformer action, large emf
gets induced in the copper shading band.
This circulates current through shading
band as it is short circuited, producing its
own flux.
 According to Lenz's law, the direction of this current is so as
to oppose the cause i.e. rise in current.
 Hence shading ring flux is opposing to the main flux.
 Hence crowding of flux in non-shaded part while weakening
of flux in shaded part.
 Overall magnetic axis shifts in non shaded part. 31
• At instant t=t2, rate of rise of current and
the rate of change of flux is almost zero as
flux almost reaches to its maximum value.

• So very little induced emf in the shading

ring.

• Hence shading ring flux is negligible.

• The main flux distribution is uniform and

magnetic axis lies at the centre of the pole
face.
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 • At instant t=t3, the current and flux is
decreasing.
• The rate of decrease is high which again induces
a very large emf in the shading ring.
• This circulates current through the ring which
produces its own flux.
• Now direction of the flux produced by the
shaded ring current is so as to oppose the cause
which is decrease in flux.
• So it oppose the decrease in flux means its direction is
same as that of main flux, strengthening it.
• So there is crowding of flux in the shaded part is compared
to non-shaded part.
• Due to this the magnetic axis shifts to the middle of the
shaded part of the pole. 33
• This sequence keeps on repeating for negative
half cycle too.

• The starting torque is low which is about 40 to

50 % of the full load torque.

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• Due to absence of centrifugal switch the
construction is simple and robust but this type of
motor has lot of limitations as:

1. The starting torque is poor

2. The power factor is very low

3. Due to I2R, copper losses in the shading ring is

high, so the efficiency is very low.
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4. The speed reversal is very difficult. To achieve the
speed reversal, the additional set of shading rings is
required. By opening one set and closing other,
direction can be reversed but the method is
complicated and expensive.

5. The size and power rating of these motors is very

small.

Applications
• Low starting torque, low power factor, low efficiency
so used for small fans, toy motors, advertising
displays, film projectors, record players, hair dryers,
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 Equivalent Circuit of Single Phase
Induction Motor
• The double revolving field theory can be effectively used to
obtain the equivalent circuit of a single phase induction motor.

• The method consists of determining the values of both the

fields clockwise and anticlockwise at any given slip.

• When the two fields are known, the torque produced by each
can be obtained.

• The difference between these two torques is the net torque

acting on the rotor.
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• Imagine that the single phase induction motor is
made up of one stator winding and two
imaginary rotor winding.

• One rotor is rotating in forward direction i.e. in

the direction of rotating magnetic field with slip
‘S’.

• The slip with respect to forward flux will be

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• While other is rotating in backward direction i.e. in
direction of oppositely directed rotating magnetic
field with slip 2-s.

• The slip with respect to backward flux will be

• To develop the equivalent circuit, let us assume

initially that the core loss is absent. 39
Without core loss
Let the stator impedance be Z1 = R1+jX1 (Ω)

Where, R1= Stator resistance

x1= Stator reactance
And R2= Rotor resistance referred to stator
X2= Rotor reactance referred to stator

• Hence the impedance of each rotor is r2 + j x2 where

x2= X2/2.

• The resistance of forward field rotor is while the resistance of

backward field rotor is .

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• The r value is half of the actual rotor resistance referred to stator.
• As the core losses neglected, Ro is not existing in the equivalent
circuit. The xo is half of the actual magnetising reactance of the
motor.
Equivalent Circuit without core loss

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• Now the impedance of the forward field rotor is Zf
which is parallel combination of and .

• Therefore =

• While the impedance of the backward field rotor

is Zb which is parallel combination of and .

=
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• Under standstill condition, Slip S=1 and
2-S=2-1=1 hence Vf=Vb.

• But in the running condition, Vf becomes almost 90

to 95% of the applied voltage.

• Therefore ,
Equivalent Impedance Zeq=Z1+Zf+Zb
Let
I2f=Current through forward rotor referred to stator.
I2b= Current through backward rotor referred to stator.
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• and

• b

• Power input to forward field rotor

watts.

• Power input to backward field rotor

watts.

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• Mechanical Power Pm =(1 - S)[Net Power Input]

=(1 - S)(Pf - Pb) watts.

• Pout=Pm- Mechanical loss - Core loss

• Tf=Forward torque=

• Tb=backward torque=

• Net Torque=Tf - Tb 45
• Tsh -Shaft Torque=

• Percentage of efficiency=

With core losses

• If core loss is to be considered then it is necessary

to connect resistance ro in parallel with xo, in an
exciting branch of each rotor.

• ro is half the value of actual core loss resistance.

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Equivalent circuit with core loss

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Let
• Zof = Equivalent circuit of exciting branch in forward rotor
Zof =roII (jxo) and

• Zob= Equivalent circuit of exciting branch in backward rotor

Zob= roII (jxo)

• All other expressions remain same as stated earlier in

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case of equivalent circuit without core loss.
 Conducting Tests on single phase induction
motor
• Similar to a three phase induction motor, the various
tests can be performed on single phase induction motor.

• The results of these tests can be used to obtain the

equivalent circuit parameters of a single phase induction
motor.

The tests usually conducted are:

1. No Load Test or Open circuit Test
2. Blocked Rotor Test or Short circuit Test.
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50
 1. No Load Test
• The test is conducted by rotating the motor without load.

• The input current, voltage and power are measured by

connecting the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter in the
circuit.

• These readings are noted as Vo, Io and Wo

• Now

•
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• The motor speed on no load is almost equal to its synchronous
speed hence for practical purpose, the slip can be assumed
zero(s=0).

• Hence becomes infinity and acts as open circuit in the

equivalent circuit.

• Hence forward rotor circuit, the branch gets eliminated.

• While backward rotor circuit, the term tends to .

• Thus xo is much higher than the impedance .

• Hence it can be assumed that no current can flow through xo

and that branch can be eliminated. 52
No load Test Equivalent circuit

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• Now the voltage across xo is VAB

xo=VAB/Io

• But xo = Xo/2
Xo = 2xo = 2VAB/IO

• Thus the magnetising reactance Xo can be determined.

• The no load power Wo is nothing but the rotational losses. 54

 Blocked Rotor Test
• In blocked rotor test, the rotor is held fixed so that it will not
rotate.

• A reduced voltage is applied to limit the short circuit current.

• This voltage is adjusted with the help of autotransformer so

that the rated current flows through main winding.

• The input voltage, current and power are measured by

connecting voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter respectively.

• These readings are denoted as VSC, ISC and WSC. 55

• Now the rotor is blocked, the slip S=1 hence the
magnetising reactance Xo is much higher than
the rotor impedance and hence it can be
neglected as connected in parallel with the rotor.
Blocked Rotor Test Equivalent Circuit

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• Short circuit Power WSC= VSC ISC cosɸSC

• Blocked rotor power factor=

Now
•
•
But
• Req= R1+R2
• R2= Req- R1
(R2= Rotor resistance referred to stator)
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• )

• Assuming X1=X2 we get

• The stator resistance R1 is measured by voltmeter-ammeter

method, by disconnecting the auxiliary winding and
capacitors present if any.

• Thus with these two tests, all the parameters of single

phase induction motor can be obtained.
• No Load and Blocked Rotor Test.pdf 58