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BE3254 - ELECTRICAL AND

INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

Single Phase Induction Motor

Jothibasu M
AP(Sr.Gr) / Dept of ECE
PSGiTech
 Introduction
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◻ The single-phase motors are more preferred over a three-phase

induction motor for domestic, commercial applications.

◻ Because form utility, only single-phase supply is available.

◻ So, in this type of application, the three-phase induction motor cannot be

used.
 Construction
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◻ A single phase induction motor is similar to the three phase squirrel cage
induction motor except there is single phase two windings (instead of one three
phase winding in 3-phase motors) mounted on the stator and the cage winding
rotor is placed inside the stator which freely rotates with the help of mounted
bearings on the motor shaft.

◻ The construction of a single-phase induction motor is similar to

the construction of a three-phase induction motor.

◻ Similar to a three-phase induction motor, single-phase induction

motor also has two main parts;
Stator
Rotor
 Constructional View

constructional view of 1-ph.I.M.

 Stator
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◻ In stator, the only difference is in the stator winding.

◻ The stator winding is single-phase winding instead of three-phase winding.

◻ The stator core is the same as the core of the three-phase induction motor.

◻ In a single-phase induction motor, there are two winding are used in stator except
in shaded-pole induction motor.

◻ Out of these two windings, one winding is the main winding and the second is
auxiliary winding.

◻ The stator core is laminated to reduce the eddy current loss. The single-phase
supply is given to the stator winding (main winding)
 Rotor
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◻ Rotor of single-phase induction motor is the same as a rotor of squirrel cage

induction motor.

◻ Instead of rotor winding, rotor bars are used and it is short-circuited at the end by
end-rings.

◻ Hence, it makes a complete path in the rotor circuit. The rotor bars are braced to
the end-rings to increase the mechanical strength of the motor.

◻ The rotor slots are skewed at some angle to avoid magnetic coupling. And it also
used to make a motor run smooth and quiet.
 Working of Single-phase Induction Motor
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◻ Single-phase AC supply is given to the stator winding (main winding).

◻ The alternating current flowing through the stator winding produces magnetic
flux. This flux is known as the main flux.

◻ Now we assume that the rotor is rotating and it is placed in a magnetic field
produced by the stator winding.

◻ According to Faraday’s law, the current start flowing in the rotor circuit it is a
close path. This current is known as rotor current.

◻ Due to the rotor current, the flux produced around the rotor winding. This flux
is known as rotor flux.
 Working of Single-phase Induction Motor
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◻ There are two fluxes; main flux which is produced by stator and second is
the rotor flux which is produced by the rotor.

◻ Interaction between main flux and rotor flux, the torque produced in the rotor
and it starts rotating.

◻ The stator field is alternating in nature. The speed of the stator field is the same
as synchronous speed.

◻ The synchronous speed of the motor depends on the number of pole and supply
frequency.

◻ It can represent by two revolving fields. These fields are equal in magnitude and
rotating in the opposite direction.
 Working of Single-phase Induction Motor
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◻ Let say Φm is a maximum field induced in the main winding. So, this field is
divided into two equal parts and that is Φm/2 and Φm/2.
◻ Out of these two fields, one field Φf is rotating in an anticlockwise direction and
the second field Φb is rotating in a clockwise direction. Therefore, the resultant
field is zero.
Φ r = Φ f – Φb

Φr = 0
◻ Now consider the resultant field at different instants.
◻ When a motor starts, two fields are induced as shown in the above figure. These
two fields are the same magnitude and opposite direction. So, resultant flux is
zero.
 Working of Single-phase Induction Motor
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◻ In this condition, the stator field cannot cut by rotor field and resultant torque is
zero. So, the rotor cannot rotate but it produces humming.

◻ Now consider after the rotation of 90˚, both filed are rotated and pointing in the
same direction. Therefore, the resultant flux is a summation of both fields.
◻ Φr = Φ f + Φ b
Φr = 0

◻ In this condition, the resultant filed is equal to the maximum field induced by
the stator. Now, both fields rotate separately and it is alternative in nature.

◻ So, both fields cut by the rotor circuit and EMF induced in the rotor conductor.
 Working of Single-phase Induction Motor
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◻ Due to this EMF, the current starts flowing in the rotor circuit and it induces a
rotor flux.

◻ Due to the interaction between stator flux and rotor flux motor continues to
rotate. This theory is known as Double Revolving Theory or double field
revolving theory.

◻ Now, from the above explanation, we can conclude that the single-phase
induction motor is not self-starting

◻ To make this motor self-starting motor, we need stator flux rotating in nature
instead of alternating nature. This can be done by various methods.
 Why Single Phase Induction Motor Is Not Self
Starting?
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◻ The stator of a single phase induction motor is wound with single phase
winding.

◻ When the stator is fed with a single phase supply, it produces alternating
flux (which alternates along one space axis only).

◻ Alternating flux acting on a squirrel cage rotor can not produce rotation,
only revolving flux can.

◻ That is why a single phase induction motor is not self starting.

 How To Make Single Phase Induction Motor Self
Starting?
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◻ To make it self-starting, it can be temporarily converted into a two-phase motor while starting.

◻ This can be achieved by introducing an additional 'starting winding' also called as auxillary winding.

◻ Hence, stator of a single phase motor has two windings:

◻ (i) Main winding and (ii) Starting winding (auxillary winding).

◻ These two windings are connected in parallel across a single phase supply and are spaced 9
electrical degrees apart.

◻ Phase difference of 90 degree can be achieved by connecting a capacitor in series with the startin
winding.

◻ Hence the motor behaves like a two-phase motor and the stator produces revolving magnetic fiel
which causes rotor to run.

◻ Once motor gathers speed, say upto 80 or 90% of its normal speed, the starting winding ge
disconnected form the circuit by means of a centrifugal switch, and the motor runs only on mai
winding.
 Double-Field Revolving Theory
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◻ The double-field revolving theory states that, any alternating quantity (here, alternating
flux) can be resolved into two components having magnitude half of the maximum
magnitude of the alternating quantity, and both these components rotating in opposite
direction.
◻ Following figures will help you understanding the double field revolving theory.
 Types of Single Phase Induction Motor
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◻ Many methods are there to start the single phase induction motor. Based
upon it, there are 5 different types.

◻ Split Phase Induction Motor

◻ Capacitor Start Motor
◻ Capacitor-start and capacitor–run motor
◻ Permanent split capacitor (PSC) type motor
◻ Shaded pole motor
◻ Permanent Capacitor Induction Motor (capacitor run )
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Unit – 2 Drive Motor Characteristics 5/31/2022

 Split phase Induction Motor
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• Also known as resistance start motor.

• The main winding and the auxiliary winding are displaced by 90 degree.
• Centrifugal switch is used here.

• Some of its characteristics include: Power rating from 60W – 250W, constant
speed and high starting current. Due to the low cost of the motor it is very
popular in the market. Domestic applications make use of this motor effectively.
Due its low starting torque, it cannot drive more than 1kW.

5/31/2022
 Split phase Induction Motor
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5/31/2022
 Capacitor Start Induction Motor
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• Here the auxiliary winding has more turns.

• An electrolytic capacitor is placed in serially with the auxiliary winding.

• A centrifugal switch is also connected and the two windings are placed
90 degree.

• Some of its characteristics are cost is high, power rating from 120 W – 7
kW etc.

• Capacitor start motor are commonly used in those applications were high
starting torque is required.
 Capacitor Start Induction Motor
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Machine Tool Drives

Conveyors
 Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor
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Compressor
Refrigerator

Unit – 2 Drive Motor Characteristics 5/31/2022

 Capacitor Start Capacitor Run Motor
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• Cage rotor and the stator windings are the two main parts of the motor.
• The stator windings are placed 90 degree.
• This uses two capacitors in parallel. Here also a centrifugal switch is used.
• In this type of motor, two capacitors are connected in parallel with series in auxiliary
winding.
• Out of these two capacitors, one capacitor is used only for starting (starting capacitor) and
another capacitor is connected permanently with the motor (running capacitor).
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• The starting capacitor has high capacitance value and a running capacitor has low
capacitance value.

• The starting capacitor is connected in series with a centrifugal switch that will open when
the speed of the motor is 70% of synchronous speed.

• During running conditions, both running winding and auxiliary winding connected with
motor. The starting torque and efficiency of this motor are very high.

• Therefore, this can be used in the application where high starting torque is required like a
refrigerator, air conditioner, ceiling fan, compressor, etc.
 Capacitor Run Induction Motors
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◻ Ceiling Fan
◻ Air Circulators
◻ Blowers

Unit – 2 Drive Motor Characteristics 5/31/2022

 Permanent split capacitor (PSC) type motor
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• Cage rotor and stator winding are the two parts of the motor.

• This has only one capacitor in series with the auxiliary winding.

• Here the capacitor works in running and starting conditions.

• No centrifugal switch is used here.

• Some characteristics of this motor are good efficiency, low start current, no centrifugal
switch, large torque, use of simple capacitors etc. Fans, blowers etc. makes use of this
motor widely.
 Shaded Pole Induction Motor
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5/31/2022
 Shaded Pole Induction Motor
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◻ As compared to other types of single-phase induction motor, this motor has a different
construction and working principle.

◻ This type of motor does not require auxiliary winding.

◻ This motor has stator salient pole or projecting pole and the rotor is the same as squirrel
cage induction motor.

◻ The stator poles are constructed specially to create a rotating magnetic field.

◻ A pole of this motor is divided into two parts; shaded part and un-shaded part.

◻ It can be created by cutting pole into unequal distances.

 Shaded Pole Induction Motor
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◻ A copper ring is placed in the small part of the pole. This ring is a highly inductive ring and
it is known as a shaded ring or shaded band. The part at which shaded ring is paced is known
as shaded part of the pole and the remaining part is an unshaded part.

◻ When an alternating supply passing through the stator winding, an alternating flux induced
in the stator coil. Due to this flux, some amount of flux will link with shaded ring and current
will flow through a shaded ring.

◻ According to Len’z law, the current passing through coil is opposite in nature, and flux
produced due to this coil will oppose the main flux.

◻ The shaded ring is a highly inductive coil. So, it will oppose the main flux when both fluxes
are in the same direction and it will increase the main flux when both fluxes are in the
opposite direction.

◻ So, it will create a phase difference between the main flux (stator flux) and rotor flux. By this
method, a phase difference is very less. Hence, the starting torque is very less. It is used in
applications like toy motor, fan, blower, record player, etc.
30 ◻ Cage rotor and stator are the main parts of this motor.

◻ Here the stator consists of salient poles with an exciting coil.

◻ Each pole is wrapped by a shading coil. The poles are called as shaded pole.
Simple construction, no centrifugal switch, power rating of about 30W are
some of its characteristics.

◻ Low power applications make use of this motor widely.

 Capacitor Run Induction Motors
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◻ The low-value capacitor is connected constantly with the auxiliary winding.

Here, the capacitor has low capacitance.
◻ The capacitor is used to increase the starting torque but it is low compared to the
capacitor start induction motor.
◻ The power factor and efficiency of this motor are very high and also it has a high
starting torque that is 80% of full load torque.
◻ This type of motor is used in the application like an exhaust fan, blower, heater,
etc.
 Applications
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◻ Single phase motors are not self starting and less efficient than three phase
induction motor and available in 0.5HP to 15HP and still they are widely used
for multiple purposes s
◻ Clocks
◻ Refrigerators, freezers and heaters
◻ Fans, table fans, ceiling fan, exhaust fans, air coolers and water coolers.
◻ Blowers
◻ Washing machines
◻ machine tools
◻ Dryers
◻ Type writers, photostats and printers
◻ Water pumps and submersible
◻ Computers
◻ Grinders