Planning in AI

• Planning in AI is the process of coming

up with a series of actions or procedures
to accomplish a particular goal.
• It entails assessing the existing
situation, identifying the intended
outcome, and developing a strategy that
specifies the steps to take to get there.
• It is not confined to a particular industry;
it may also be used in robots, video
games, logistics, as well as healthcare.
Types of Planning AI
 Cont…
• Classical Planning: In this style of planning, a series
of actions is created to accomplish a goal in a
predetermined setting. It assumes that everything is
static and predictable.
• Hierarchical planning: By dividing large problems
into smaller ones, hierarchical planning makes planning
more effective. A hierarchy of plans must be
established, with higher-level plans supervising the
execution of lower-level plans.
• Temporal Planning: Planning for the future considers
time restrictions and interdependencies between
actions. It ensures that the plan is workable within a
certain time limit by taking into account the duration of
tasks.
 Components of planning system in AI

• Representation: The component that describes

how the planning problem is represented is called
representation. The state space, actions, objectives,
and limitations must all be defined.
• Search: To locate a series of steps that will get you
where you want to go, the search component
searches the state space. To locate the best plans, a
variety of search techniques, including depth-first
search & A* search, can be used.
• Heuristics: Heuristics are used to direct search
efforts and gauge the expense or benefit of certain
actions. They aid in locating prospective routes and
enhancing the effectiveness of the planning process.
 Benefits of AI Planning

• Resource Allocation: With the help of AI planning,

resources can be distributed in the best way possible,
ensuring that they are used effectively to accomplish the
desired objectives.
• Better Decision-Making: AI planning aids in making
knowledgeable judgments by taking a variety of aspects
and restrictions into account. It helps AI systems to weigh
several possibilities and decide on the best course of
action.
• Automation of Complex Tasks: AI planning automates
complicated tasks that would otherwise need a lot of
human work. It makes it possible for AI systems to
manage complex procedures and optimize them for
better results.
 Applications of AI Planning

• Robotics: To enable autonomous robots to properly

navigate their surroundings, carry out activities, and
achieve goals, planning is crucial.
• Gaming: AI planning is essential to the gaming industry
because it enables game characters to make thoughtful
choices and design difficult and interesting gameplay
scenarios.
• Logistics: To optimize routes, timetables, and resource
allocation and achieve effective supply chain
management, AI planning is widely utilized in logistics.
• Healthcare: AI planning is used in the industry to
better the quality and effectiveness of healthcare
services by scheduling patients, allocating resources,
and planning treatments.
 Challenges in AI Planning

• Complexity: Due to the wide state space, multiple

possible actions, and interdependencies between
them, planning in complicated domains can be
difficult.
• Uncertainty: One of the biggest challenges in AI
planning is overcoming uncertainty. Actions' results
might not always be anticipated, thus the planning
system needs to be able to deal with such
ambiguous situations.
• Scalability: Scalability becomes a significant barrier
as the complexity and scale of planning problems
rise. Large-scale issues must be effectively handled
via planning systems.
 Strategies for Mastering AI Planning

• Domain Knowledge: Learn everything there is to

know about the planning domain. Better strategies
can be made if you are aware of the complexities and
limitations of the domain.
• Algorithm Selection: It is essential to choose the
right planning algorithm for the particular issue at
hand. Choosing the best algorithm can have a big
impact on the planning process because different
algorithms have different strengths and
disadvantages.
• Improvement through iteration: Planning is an
iterative process, and improvement is essential.
Analyze the effectiveness of plans, pinpoint areas that
need improvement, and adjust the planning system as
necessary.
 Tools and Techniques for AI Planning

• Automated planners: Programmes that generate

plans automatically include STRIPS and PDDL,
which offer a framework for specifying planning
problems.
• Constraint Programming: Using the strong
technique of constraint programming, complicated
planning issues with a variety of constraints can be
modeled and solved.
• Machine Learning: Reinforcement learning is a
machine learning technique that can be used to
enhance planning by learning from previous
experiences and refining plans in response to
feedback
 Best Practices of AI Planning

• Formulation of the issue clearly: Clearly state

your goals, restrictions, and desired results.
• Optimal representation: Construct an
appropriate representation of the planning domain.
• Algorithm selection: Choose planning algorithms
that strike a compromise between complexity and
optimality.
• Iterative improvement: Keep the planning
process under constant review and improvement.
• Management of uncertainty: Include methods,
such as probabilistic modeling, to deal with
uncertainty.
 Cont…
• Benchmarking and evaluation: Continually assess
performance and evaluate against pertinent indicators.
• Collaboration: Encourage cooperative planning by
incorporating pertinent parties.
• Scalability: Design planning systems with scalability in mind
to effectively tackle big problems.
• Real-time responsiveness: Create systems that can
instantly adjust and replan in response to shifting
circumstances.
• Ethical considerations: Address AI ethical issues, promote
justice, and ensure accountability in the planning procedures..
• Documentation: Keep thorough records of the planning
process for future reference.
• Utilizing human expertise: Ask for and use feedback from
others to make sure your aims are in line with theirs.