ENGLISH COMPOSITION I

ENGLISH COMPOSITION I
Week 15 - SUMMARY
WEEK 7
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

By the end of the session, students will be able to:

• Review the main topics covered throughout the course.
 PROFESSIONAL OUTCOMES
Professionals will be able to identify how the concepts learnt in the course
could be applied in their particular careers.
 THE WRITING
PROCESS
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4

Pre- Reviewing Rewriting

Drafting
Writing & Revising

1: Choose a topic 4: Write a 5: Review & 8. Make final

2: Gather ideas first draft revise content corrections
3. Prepare an and structure
outline 6. Proofread
Methods: 7. Edit
-Brainstorming
-Listing Adapted from:
Zemach, Dorothy E, and Lisa A Rumisek, Academic Writing, from Paragraph to Essay, p. 3
-Freewriting
-Clustering
 WHAT IS A PARAGRAPH?

PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE
- A paragraph is a group of related
sentences that develop A MAIN
THOUGHT, or idea, about a single topic.

Topic Sentence
- In terms of format, a paragraph has
NO BLANK SPACES between sentences.

Supporting
Sentences
(details)

Concluding Sentence
 TOPIC SENTENCE

The topic sentence is the main idea and

tells the reader what the paragraph is going
to be about.
Ways to produce a topic
A good topic sentence… sentence:
informs the reader of the subject that will be -When given a question
-When given supporting
discussed in the paragraph,
ideas
asserts the writer’s point of view or attitude, -When given a general topic
 intrigues the reader to continue reading,
 creates a sense of action, and
 is not vague, rambling, too narrow or too
broad.
 ORDER OF
IDEAS

Organize your ideas in a logical manner

helps your readers follow your writing.

You can use three organizational methods:

1. TIME ORDER
2. EMPHATIC ORDER
3. SPACE ORDER
 TYPES OF SENTENCES
Simple sentence:
• A simple sentence consists of just one independent clause and expresses a complete thought.
• Example: The cargo flight was cancelled due to bad weather.

Compound sentence: Coordinating

conjunctions:
A compound sentence has at least two independent clauses joined by coordinating
conjunction and a comma preceding it. for, and, nor,
but, or, yet,
Example: Workers went on strike, yet the company did not attend their request.
so.

Subordinators: as,
Complex sentence: because, since,
A complex sentence contains one independent and one dependent clause. after, although,
when.
Example: As the meeting went on, the public became more interested.
Relative pronouns
:who, that, which.

8
COMPOUND-COMPLEX sentences contain at least one dependent clause
and more than one independent clause.
The clauses are connected by both conjunctions (i.e., but, so, and, etc.)
and subordinators (i.e., who, because, although, even when, etc.)

Example:
Even when the interview was terrible, my brother got the job; but he was
assigned to work out of town.
 OUTLINE FOR A BASIC PARAGRAPH
I. Topic Sentence:
__________________________________________________________________________________
OUTLINE:
A. Supporting sentence 1: Is PLAN in the form of
a list divided into
______________________________________________________________________
Details, examples, and explanations: headings and
subheadings that
1. ___________________________________________________________________
distinguishes
2. ___________________________________________________________________
main points from
3. ___________________________________________________________________
supporting points.
B. Supporting Sentence 2:
_____________________________________________________________________
Details, examples, and explanations:
1. ___________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________
C. Supporting Sentence 3:
In an
_____________________________________________________________________outline
Details, examples, and explanations: use only
full
1. ___________________________________________________________________
sentences
2. ___________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________
II. Concluding Sentence:
__________________________________________________________________________
SUPPORTING IDEAS
DEVELOPMENT
After you have chosen a topic and written a topic sentence, you
develop your supporting ideas by adding more information to explain
what you mean.
We can use three ways to develop your ideas:
1.Giving details (facts, statistics)
2.Giving an explanation (reasons why things take place or how
things work).
3.Giving an example (practical application of the idea/item being
discussed.
 A CONCLUDING SENTENCE...

• sums up the main points or restates the main idea in Techniques to paraphrase:
a different way. - Using synonyms
- Changing form of words
• reminds the reader of what the writer´s main idea - Changing grammatical
and supporting points were. structure

• should give the same information in a slightly

different way, perhaps by using different words or by Over used transitions for
using different word order. conclusions:

• A concluding sentence should not introduce a new -To sum up/ to summarize/
point. In summary
-To conclude/In conclusion
 WHAT ARE TRANSITIONS?
• Transitions are words or phrases that connect ideas or sections of
your writing piece.
TRANSITIONS FOR ADDITION:
Furthermore Also Too Next Secondly Second An Or Nor First Last Lastly Further Again
In addition As well as Then Moreover Beside Specifically To illustrate For example
To demonstrate For instance As revealed by Finally Along with By the same token
Uniquely Like In like manner Still Likewise Not only … but also What’s more
Except for
TRANSITIONS FOR COMPARISON AND CONTRAST:
On the contrary Yet But On the one hand Still In comparison While On the other hand
Rather Conversely At the same time However Nevertheless Despite Though Otherwise
By contrast Instead Whereas Unlike Although In contrast Notwithstanding In spite of
Alternatively Despite this Because of In contrast to Even so Even though

TRANSITIONS FOR CAUSE / EFFECT

therefore Consequently Thus As a result (of) For this reason As a consequence Therefore
As a result Then Since Because Accordingly Because of On account of
Fact and Opinion Opinion Paragraph
A fact is information that can be
verified or proved. A fact is An opinion paragraph expresses the writer
always true. ´s thoughts about an issue. The writer
presents an argument for or against
something.
In contrast, an opinion is what
someone thinks or believes to be - It is the writer’s opinion about a debatable issue.
true. An opinion may be true or - It includes facts to support it.
false. - It often includes a citation, or note, to identify the
source of these facts.
- Sometimes it discusses the opposing opinion.
- It presents a strong case that makes the reader
think about the issue seriously.
Opinion Paragraph Formal Academic Phrases with THAT
Use the Following Expressions to Give
Your Opinion in the TOPIC SENTENCE “IT WOULD SEEM THAT + [YOUR SENTENCE]”
As far as I am concerned, …
I am (not) convinced that … “IT COULD BE ARGUED THAT + [YOUR SENTENCE]”
In my opinion/view …
My opinion is that … “THIS SUGGESTS THAT + [YOUR SENTENCE]”
I (firmly)believe …
I (definitely) feel/think that … “THIS PROVES THAT + [YOUR SENTENCE]”

“THIS SUPPORTS THE IDEA THAT + [YOUR SENTENCE]”

 STRUCTURING A COMPARISON AND CONTRAST PARAGRAPH

BLOCK ORGANIZATION POINT BY POINT

Write a separate paragraph about
- Is often used for longer
each subject, but you discuss the
same points for both subjects. assignments.
Use basis for comparison to guide - Paragraphs using the point-by-point
your selection of points.
method can seem more like lists
Arrange points in logical order,
usually order of importance. than paragraphs and may lack unity.

Good for short, uncomplicated - It develops one characteristic (point)

papers. of interest at the time inserting both
blocks under it.
 Comparison & Contrast Outline
Comparison and Contrast Outline
Block Organization Structure Point by Point Method
Topic Sentence: ____________________
TOPIC SENTENCE:
__________________________________________ Point A: ___________________________
Subject 1: _________________________
Topic A: _________________________________
Subject 2. _________________________
Supporting Points:
1. Point 1
2. Point 2 Point B: ____________________________
3. Point 3 Subject 1: _________________________
Subject 2: _________________________
Topic B: _________________________________
Supporting Points:
Point C: _____________________________
1. Point 1
2. Point 2 Subject 1: __________________________
3. Pint 3 Subject 2: __________________________

Concluding Sentence Concluding Sentence: _________________

From Subject by Subject to Point by Point
 ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH

An argumentative paragraph presents a point of view and

provides evidence for the point of view taken.

WHEN SUPPORTING AN ARGUMENT:

- DO NOT MAKE GENERALIZATIONS

- USE EMOTIONAL ARGUMENTS SPARINGLY

- DO NOT MAKE EXAGGERATED CLAIMS

- DO NOT USE CIRCULAR REASONING

 ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH OUTLINE

I. Topic Sentence: Argument

II. Supporting Ideas

SI 1:
detail/explanation/example/personal experience/expert’s opinion/ research findings
SI 2:
detail/explanation/example/personal experience/expert’s opinion/ research findings
SI 3:
detail/explanation/example/personal experience/expert’s opinion/ research findings
All facts, expert’s
III. Concluding Sentence: Restate argument opinions and
research findings
must have a
source.
 ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH
HOW TO PRODUCE GOOD ARGUMENTS

1. A good argumentative topic

sentence is focused and not too
broad.
2. A good argumentative thesis is
centered on a debatable topic.
3. An effective argumentative topic
sentence picks a side.
 Sources to use in Academic Writing
Types of academic source No wikis
The most common forms of academic source are
• Books
No personal
• Journal articles (expert’s opinion/research findings) blogs
• Published reports
• Sources such as newspaper articles, magazine articles,
opinion pieces, and websites are not commonly academic, No informal
journalism
although there are some exceptions.

OB .EDU .ORG
.G

Valid Websites Sources

 Litarature
Arts
Humanities
Academic
writing
WHAT DOES MLA REGULATE?
MLA regulates:
Books
 Document Format
Magazines
 In-text citations
Scholarly journals
 Works Cited
(a list of all sources Web
used in the paper)
GRACIAS
THANK YOU

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