PRACTICAL

RESEARCH 1
DEFINITION OF RESEARCH AND ITS VARIOUS TYPES
0BJECTIVES:

After studying this chapter, you will be

able to:
a. define what is research (CS_RS11-IIIa-
1)
b. Identify different types of research.
Say Something…
Pre-test
Pre-test
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Nowadays society has many forms of problems
that require solutions. These solutions must be
based on facts, valid investigations,
experiences and not just on mere beliefs and
suggestions. Indeed, to attain such knowledge
and accuracy, a systematic procedure and
well-planned research are required.
WHAT IS RESEARCH?

Research is a process of inquiring about

the solution to the problem, collecting
data, and logically evaluating information.
To develop good research, one must
investigate reliable information.
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
As students, understanding event around you requires systematic studies in
order to generate acceptable rationalization. Thus, research is a vital
component of our course curriculum. How then do we define research?
Research is a systematic investigation designed to extend the knowledge of
what is already known of the physical, biological, or social world” (University of
San Diego, para.1) on the other hand, Coryn (2007) define research in three
ways:
1. Research is truth seeking, which refers to research or investigation, of
or for a body of real things, events, or facts, or the explanation of them.
2. Research describes, which involves representing or giving an account
of and explains which is about giving reason for or cause of; both of
which contribute to knowledge.
3. Research is conducted and governed by those who have the
requisite proficiency or expertise; meaning research is conducted by
one who is an expert in a branch of knowledge derived from training or
experience.
WHAT IS RESEARCH?
As students, understanding event around you requires systematic studies in
order to generate acceptable rationalization. Thus, research is a vital
component of our course curriculum. How then do we define research?
Research is a systematic investigation designed to extend the knowledge of
what is already known of the physical, biological, or social world” (University of
San Diego, para.1) on the other hand, Coryn (2007) define research in three
ways:
1. Research is truth seeking, which refers to research or investigation, of
or for a body of real things, events, or facts, or the explanation of them.
2. Research describes, which involves representing or giving an account
of and explains which is about giving reason for or cause of; both of
which contribute to knowledge.
3. Research is conducted and governed by those who have the
requisite proficiency or expertise; meaning research is conducted by
one who is an expert in a branch of knowledge derived from training or
experience.
 WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Research is an organized investigation and study of materials and sources
to create facts and reach new inferences. Research has come up with
developing appropriate solutions to improve the individual’s quality of life.
Although it may take place in a different setting and may use different
methods, scientific research is universally a systematic and objective
search for reliable knowledge (Walker, 2010).
Research is a verified approach of thinking and employing legalized
instruments and steps to obtain a more adequate solution to a problem
that is otherwise impossible to address under ordinary means (Crawford, as
cited by Alcantara & Espina, 1995).
In most cases, research helps society to answer the WHAT and HOW
questions. It must be a proper investigation and should reach a valid
conclusion that would facilitate the finding of answers to the questions.
Some of these questions are: How can research affect society? What is the
impact of the research to daily life?
 WHAT IS RESEARCH?
Research is an organized investigation and study of materials and sources
to create facts and reach new inferences. Research has come up with
developing appropriate solutions to improve the individual’s quality of life.
Although it may take place in a different setting and may use different
methods, scientific research is universally a systematic and objective
search for reliable knowledge (Walker, 2010).
Research is a verified approach of thinking and employing legalized
instruments and steps to obtain a more adequate solution to a problem
that is otherwise impossible to address under ordinary means (Crawford, as
cited by Alcantara & Espina, 1995).
In most cases, research helps society to answer the WHAT and HOW
questions. It must be a proper investigation and should reach a valid
conclusion that would facilitate the finding of answers to the questions.
Some of these questions are: How can research affect society? What is the
impact of the research to daily life?
 Types of Research
On a more specific description, research has four main types which also signifies
the different purposes of a research. These types were highlighted by Patton
(1990) as follows:

1. Basic Research – the purpose of this research is to understand and explain, i.e.
the research is interested in formulating and testing theoretical construct and
propositions that ideally generalize across time and space. It takes the form of
the theory to explain the phenomenon under I investigation to give its
contribution to knowledge. This research is more descriptive in nature,
exploring, what, why, and how questions.
This is the type of research that is a purely direct application but increasing
the nature of understanding about the problem. It develops the scientific
theories to be more understandable to the readers.
Example: Teacher Zi may try to probe for answers as to why did the Phil-IRI result
of San Juan National High School is declining for the last 5 years.
 Types of Research
2. Applied Research – the purpose of this research is to help people
understand the nature problems so that human beings can more
effectively control their environment. In other words, this type of research
pursues potential solutions to human and societal problems. This
research is more prescriptive in nature, focusing on how questions.
◦ This scientific research is used in business, medicine, and education. It
focuses on intervention and giving solutions to a problem.
Example: In order to probe why the Phil-IRI result is declining, Teacher Zi
may determine the level of receptive and productive vocabulary skills of
the students first before finding some intervention to develop these skills
as salient elements in comprehension test.
 Types of Research
3. Evaluation Research (summative and formative)-
evaluation research studies the processes and outcomes
aimed at attempted solution. The purpose of formative
research is to improve human intervention within specific
conditions, such as activities, time, and groups of people; the
purpose of summative evaluation is to judge the
effectiveness of a program, policy, or product.
Example: The research group of Grade 12 Ruby may try to
investigate the effectiveness of a v vocabulary mobile
application in enhancing the vocabulary skills of the Junior
High School students.
 Types of Research
4.Action Research- Action research aims at solving
specific problems within a program, organization, or
community. Patton (1990) described the design and
data collection in action research tend to be more
informal, and the people in the situation are directly
involved in gathering information and studying
themselves.
Example: Enhancing the English language spelling
difficulties of Grade 7 students by assigning daily five
minutes dictation of unfamiliar words
 IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
◦ “Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and to think what
nobody else has thought.” – Albert Szent-Gyorgyi
◦  Research is important in our daily life because it describes what is
happening around us. Through this, we get to know what people think,
what people feel, and what people do. For example, determining the
attitude of the Senior High School students towards the use of mobile
phones in learning.
◦  Research is important in our daily lives because it explains why things
happen in certain ways. Through this we get to understand different
situations in our lives and helps us identify the factors that hinder or
facilitate why certain things fail. For example, determining the factors that
affect the development of the vocabulary skills of the learners.
◦  Research is important it predicts what will happen. Through this, we get
to caution ourselves in doing or not doing something; it warns us not to
pursue an action, and encourages us to continue a certain act, as well. For
example, a student may try to use an existing research result about career
choices before deciding what course to be taken in college.
 IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
◦  Research is important because it evaluates what happened in our lives. It
gives you an idea why things are not turning out the way you wanted. It
provides areas that you need to improve in a program delivery. For example,
a teacher can investigate how a current program in a school is working.
◦  Research is important because it helps us solve our problems. It provides
us relevant data in order to determine why people are against a certain
government program, for example through research, we can make necessary
recommendations to improve the government’s program to suit the needs of
those who are affected by the program.
◦  Whatever your reasons are for undertaking a research, any data that you
get would definitely be of value to you and may influence you in your
decisions in life. We know that people decide on gathered information. That
is why research is a valuable endeavor, not just for the scientist but also for
ordinary people like us. For example, when you try to look into the most in
demand courses 10 years from now. Through research you will be able to
take a look into statistics that would likely influence in your decision making.
 IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
◦  Research is important because it evaluates what happened in our lives. It
gives you an idea why things are not turning out the way you wanted. It
provides areas that you need to improve in a program delivery. For example,
a teacher can investigate how a current program in a school is working.
◦  Research is important because it helps us solve our problems. It provides
us relevant data in order to determine why people are against a certain
government program, for example through research, we can make necessary
recommendations to improve the government’s program to suit the needs of
those who are affected by the program.
◦  Whatever your reasons are for undertaking a research, any data that you
get would definitely be of value to you and may influence you in your
decisions in life. We know that people decide on gathered information. That
is why research is a valuable endeavor, not just for the scientist but also for
ordinary people like us. For example, when you try to look into the most in
demand courses 10 years from now. Through research you will be able to
take a look into statistics that would likely influence in your decision making.
KEY POINTS
Research is important in our daily life
because it:
 describes what is happening.
 explains why things happen in certain ways
 predicts what will happen
 evaluates what happens in our lives
 helps us solve our problems
 influences you in your decisions in life
 What I have learned!
Brush up your knowledge. Answer the blank space.

Research is _____________________________________ .

Give at least two (2) importance of research.

1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
 What’s More (Dyad Activity)
Directions: Arrange the scrambled words/phrase properly to
form a logical sentence.

1. answer to a specific question is a type of research applied

research that needs
_____________________________________________________

2. is a type of research that is purely direct application but

expanding the nature of understanding basic research
______________________________________________________
 What’s More (Dyad Activity)
Directions: Arrange the scrambled words/phrase properly to form
a logical sentence.

1. answer to a specific question is a type of research applied

research that needs
Applied Research is a type of research the needs answer to a
specific question.
2. is a type of research that is purely direct application but
expanding the nature of understanding basic research
Basic Research is a type of that is purely direct application but
expanding the nature of understanding.
SPELLING BEE
◦ ABSOLVE – (v) to be free from punishment, blame, or guilt
◦ She asked the priest to absolve him from his sins.

BALSAMIC – (adj) relating to kind of vinegar

She put balsamic vinegar on her salad.

DICHOTOMY (N) – Opposition or entirely different

There is a dichotomy between science and mysticism.

EGOMINIACAL (adj) – relating to egomaniac - a person who is obsessively egotistical or self-centered

Because of his good looks, he became egomaniacal

RHYTHMIC – relating to rhythm – occurring regulary

We can hear rhythmic patterns a poem

MICROCOSM - something (such as a place or an event) that is seen as a small version of something much larger
A barangay is a microcosm of a city.

GREEN-EYED – Jealous
I get green-eyed whenever I see you with him.

PHYSICAL - Relating to material things

Physical science is my favorite subject.

RESEARCH - the collecting of information about a particular subject

I will have to do a research on this project.

PURSUE – to reach, to chase after, to go after

The policeman pursued the thief who robbed the woman’s bag.
I am going to pursue higher education after SHS.
ACTIVITY NO. 1
◦ Learning Task

◦ The Teacher will do a group activity on writing different steps/ways on the

following situations:

◦ 1. To win the heart of your crush

◦ 2. To become effective public speaker

◦ 3. To fry crunchy fried chicken

◦ 4. To bake a pie

◦ 5. To overcome shyness
CHARACTERISTICS, PROCESSES
AND ETHICS OF RESEARCH
describes the characteristics, processes
and ethics of research
Objectives:  Identify the characteristics
and processes of research
 Explain the importance of
ethics in research
1. MEIPIRACL

2. CITAMYSSTE

3. DORLYER

4. DELLROTONC

5. ALYNACTIAL
6. LANGIRIO

7. LICAREPLIBITY

8. ONCSICLUVE

9. RSEOBIOVATN

10.TIEVBOJEC
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
Conducting research is indeed very challenging; you need to undergo
processes and adhere to ethical principles. It has also characteristics such as:
◦  Empirical – Your research must be based on observations and
experimentations of theories. This involves your direct experiences in
conducting research. As a researcher, you cannot just do any magic in
coming up with data; you need to experience in doing it.
◦  Systematic- Your research follows orderly and sequential procedures; it
must be based on valid procedures and principles. You cannot just jump into
conclusion with undergoing the steps.
◦  Controlled- In research, all variables, except those that are
tested/experimented on, are kept constant.
◦  Analytical – The data that you have gathered must be analyzed critically
so that there is no error in the coming up with interpretations.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
◦ Objective – As a researcher, your research must be
unbiased and logical. All findings must be logically based
on empirical data which are based on real life situations.
◦ Original Work-This implies that the research requires
effort to get at the researcher’s own investigation and
produce the data needed to complete the study.
◦ Replicability – The research findings, research design
and procedures can be repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results
 CHARACTERISTIC OF RESEARCH

S M A R T
SPECIFIC Measurable ATTAINABL RELEVANT TIME
• GOALS • QUANTIFIABL E • APPROPRIATE BOUND
• VARIABLES E DATA • REALISTIC TO THE • WITHIN THE
• LOCALE • RESULTS • REASONABLE CURRENT SPECIFED
TIME, PERIOD OF
PERIOD, AND TIME
SITUATION
STEPS IN DOING THE RESEARCH
DEFINE DEFINE
RESEARC DESIGN COLLECT RESEARC
H RESEARCH DATA
H
PROBLEM PROBLEM

REVIEW OF
FORMULAT
THE INTERPRET
E ANALYZE
RELATED AND
HYPOTHESI DATA
LITERATUR REPORT
S
E
STEPS IN DOING THE RESEARCH
◦ Prieto, et.al. (2017) also added that the following are involved in the
Research Processes:
◦ 1. DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM: What is the problem?
◦ 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: What evidence is already presented?
◦ 3. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS: How are we going to find/look for the
answer to questions being studied?
◦ 4. RESEARCH DESIGN: Where will the study be shown and with what
population?
◦ 5. COLLECTING DATA: Are we ready to gather the data? Where do we find
the data?
◦ 6. ANALYZING DATA: How do the data answer the research queries?
◦ 7. INTERPRET AND REPORT: What are the implications of the results
STEPS IN DOING THE RESEARCH
• A good research always starts with a good problem. You can observe people or things, visit places,
read print materials, or consult experts to find the research problem that is right for you. The
1. research problem guides you in formulating the hypothesis and interpretation of your findings so
Identifi that you can formulate the right conclusion. A good research problem is important because it is
cation the basis of all subsequent research activities you are going to undertake. Factors like area of
of a interest, availability of fund, socio-economic significance of the study, and the safety measures to
resear be undertaken should be considered in finding a good research problem.
ch
proble
m

• A research problem is vague at first. To give you a vivid picture of the whole research, you shall
2. read various publications or surf the internet to become aware of the previous works already done.
REVIEW In doing so, it could spur an idea that can be the subject of your investigation. The review of
OF THE related literature can be taken from science books, magazines, journals, newspapers, or even in
RELATE the internet.
D
LITERAT
URE
STEPS IN DOING THE RESEARCH
• After finding your research problem, the next step is to formulate your own
hypothesis. A hypothesis is a theoretical statement in solving a logical relationship
3. between variables. Do not be afraid if your hypothesis proves to be incorrect after
Formu the experimentation because it is only considered as an educated guess. Always
lation
of
remember that when you formulate a hypothesis, it should be based on the research
Hypot problem being solved
hesis
.

4. • A research design is the blueprint of the research you are going to undertake. It
Prepa serves as the work plan of the whole study not only because it entails the resources
ration needed in conducting the research but also the ways these resources are utilized.F
of
Resea
THE RELATED LITERATURE
rch
Desig
n
STEPS IN DOING THE RESEARCH
• Actual experimentation is an implementation of the research design. In actual
experimentation, you have to conduct an experiment to prove the validity of the
5. hypothesis you have formulated. Actual experimentation includes the methodology
DATA that you have followed in doing your research. The methodology should be carefully
planned prior to the actual experimentation to ensure the validity and accuracy of
COLL the result.
ECTI
ON

• This is the heart of the research process because this is part where the findings of
6. the research can be found. You can use table (not the table in your kitchen) and
graph to interpret the results of your research.
DATA
ANAL
YSIS
 STEPS IN DOING RESEARCH
◦Prieto, et.al. (2017) also added that the following are involved in the Research
◦Processes:
◦1. DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM: What is the problem?
◦2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: What evidence is already presented?
◦3. FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS: How are we going to find/look for the answer to
◦questions being studied?
◦4. RESEARCH DESIGN: Where will the study be shown and with what population?
◦5. COLLECTING DATA: Are we ready to gather the data? Where do we find the
data?
◦6. ANALYZING DATA: How do the data answer the research queries?
◦7. INTERPRET AND REPORT: What are the implications of the results
◦Conducting research is a tiresome task because it is a year-
round activity. You have to be committed to become
successful in making a good research which would benefit not
only you but of everyone. The willingness in you in making
future researches should always be there because doing
research without your ‘heart’ and ‘mind’ on it is a burden on
your part.

◦Always enjoy doing it. Enjoy the ride. The more that you enjoy
doing the task, the more that you ease the burden in
conducting this difficult endeavor. Never hesitate to ask
questions. Asking questions from other people who is aware of
your research topic would help you arrive at the correct
conclusions. Now that you have finally learned the steps in the
research process, you can now start doing one. Good luck!
 Ethics in Research
◦Important Ethics (moral issues) in Research
 Honesty. Strive for honesty in all scientific communications.
Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and
publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do
not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public
 Objectivity. Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data
analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant
writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where
objectivity is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-
deception.
 Integrity. Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity;
strive for consistency of thought and action.
 Ethics in Research
◦ Important Ethics (moral issues) in Research
◦  Carefulness. Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically
examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of
research activities,
◦  Openness. Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Share your findings
especially to your informants/respondents.
◦  Intellectual Property. Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of
intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without
permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit for all contributions to
research. Never plagiarize.
◦  Confidentiality. Protect confidential communications, such as papers or
grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets,
and patient records.
 Ethics in Research
◦ Important Ethics (moral issues) in Research
◦  Responsible Publication. Publish in order to advance research and scholarship,
not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication
◦  Social Responsibility. Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate
social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.
◦  Legality. Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental
policies.
◦  Non-Discrimination. Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the
basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific competence and
integrity.
◦  Human Subjects protection. When conducting research on human subjects,
minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy,
and autonomy; take special precautions with vulnerable populations; and strive to
distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly
 ETHICS IN RESEARCH
According to Resnik, 2007, ethical norms are significant in
conducting research studies as explained in the following:
◦First, ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, truth, and
credibility. It also fosters values that are essential to collaborative
work.
◦Second, ethical norms help individuals to be accountable in every
act that the researcher/s undertake.
◦Third, ensure that researchers are held accountable to the public.
◦Lastly, an ethical norm in research also needs public awareness.
This can be evaluated by the researcher before conducting the
study because this may help a certain population in an area once
the study is completed.