PERIODIC TABLE

OF ELEMENTS
 FAMILY and PERIODS
SIMILAR TO FAMILY PHOTOGRAPH

The vertical columns on the periodic

table are called groups or families
because of their similar chemical
behavior. All the members of a family
of elements have the same number
of valence electrons and similar
chemical properties. The horizontal
rows on the periodic table are called
 PERIODIC TABLE
• Shows all the elements
in the universe

• Organized by
chemical properties

• It is a graphical layout
of 118 discovered
chemical elements
HISTORY OF
PERIODIC
TABLE
Aristotle Hennig brand Robert Boyle

Proposed that Discovered Defined an element

the first as a subtance that
is made up of a element in can not be broken
into a simpler
mixture of one 1649 called
subtance by
phosporus (P) chemical reaction
or more of four
“roots i.e,
earth, fire,
water and air
Antoine Laurent
De Lavoisier John Dalton
• He wrote the first exttensive list of Proposed a new set
of standard symbol
elements containing 33 Elements for the chemical
which included oxygen, nitrogen, elements
phosporus, mercury, zinc and sulfur
• Containing a lists of elements, or a
subtance that could not be broken
down any further
• Distinguished between metals and
nonmetals
Jons Jakob Johan Wolfgang Beguyer de
Berzelius Dobereiner Chancourtois
• First person
• Developed a • Began to
to organize
table of atomic group elements by
atomic weight
weights. elements with
• He took a
• Introduced similar vertical
cylinder of 16
letters to properties into
central lines
symbolize group of tree with a helix
drawn at 45°
elements or triads
around the
John Newlands
• A british chemist, first to arrange the elements into a periodic table
with increasing atomic masses

• Proposed the law of octave (when elements are arranged in order of

increasing atomic masses, then every eighth element has properties
similar to that of the first element).
 FATHERS OF PERIODIC TABLE
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleeve Lothar meyer
• published his own table, a graph relating
• Created the frame work
atomic volume and atomic number and
that became the modern
clearly showing the periodic relationships
periodic table. of the elements.
• Organized elements into • In about 1868 Meyer prepared an
rows according to their expanded table, similar in many ways to

atomic mass and into Mendeleyev's table published in 1869. It

columns based on was not until 1870, however, that Meyer

published his own table, a graph relating
chemical and physical
atomic volume and atomic number and
William Ramsay Glenn Seaborg
• british physical chemist • Discovered the trasuranium
• discovered four gases elements ( lanthanide and
(neon, argon, krypton, actininide series) atomic numbers
xenon) to 92 and 102
• (with helium and radon) • tsuranium was placed under the
Formed an entire family, rest of the elements
noble gases
ARRANGEMENT OF
THE ELEMENTS IN
THE PERIODIC
TABLE
Metals Metalloids NonMetals
elements that have elements that share elements that are
luster are malleable properties with usually brittle solids
metals and gases at room
and ductile, and also nonmetals temperature they’re
good conductors of also poor conductors
of electricity
electricity
 the elements are grouped into blocks or series on the

periodic table

• group 3 to 12 constitute one block where in elements in this block are reffered
as transition elements

• The lanthanide and actinide are special series of elements but are also part
of the transition lock; they’re also called as inner transition elements

• Elements from taller columns (group 1, 2 and 13 to 18) are called the
representative elements or main group of the periodic table
 the elements are grouped into blocks or series on the

periodic table

• group 3 to 12 constitute one block where in elements in this block are reffered
as transition elements

• The lanthanide and actinide are special series of elements but are also part
of the transition lock; they’re also called as inner transition elements

• Elements from taller columns (group 1, 2 and 13 to 18) are called the
representative elements or main group of the periodic table
 The elements are grouped into blocks or series on the

periodic table

• group 3 to 12 constitute one block where in elements in this block are reffered
as transition elements

• The lanthanide and actinide are special series of elements but are also part
of the transition lock; they’re also called as inner transition elements

• Elements from taller columns (group 1, 2 and 13 to 18) are called the
representative elements or main group of the periodic table
 The families of the periodic table
ALKALI METALS

Alkali metals are soft, shiny metals with low melting point and they are the
most reactive among the metals.

• lithium
• sodium
• potassium
• rubidium
• cesium

The alkali metals have low melting points, ranging from a high of 179 °C
(354 °F) for lithium to a low of 28.5 °C (83.3 °F) for cesium. Alloys of alkali
metals exist that melt as low as −78 °C (−109 °F).
 ALKALINE EARTH METALS

Alkaline metals are the shiny, silver, white color and highly reaction. The
atoms of alkiline earth metals easily lose electrons to become positive ions
(cations) They’re also highly metallic and good conductors of elericity

• beryllium The melting points (mp) and boiling points (bp) of

• magnesium the group are higher than those of the
• calcium corresponding alkali metals; they vary in an
• strontium irregular fashion, magnesium having the lowest (mp
• barium 650 °C [1,202 °F] and bp 1,090 °C [1,994 °F]) and
• radium beryllium the highest (mp 1,287 °C [2,349 °F] and
bp about 2,471 °C [4,480 °F]).
TRANSITION METALS

Transition elements include those elements in B families. they are good

conductors of heat and electricity. These are the elements you’re probably
most familiars of: copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel gold and silver.
• Early transition metals- in this first row of the transition meyals, the ten
elements can be found
• Late transition metals- late transition metals differ in their oxidation states
(each metal has different possible oxidation states). Electrons have a
stronger attraction to the protons in the late transition metals, so the later
transition metals form bonds that are harder to break.
BORON FAMILIES

• The boron family is named after the first

element in the familiy
• This family includes a metalloid (boron) and
the rest are metals
• this family includes the most abundant metal in
the earth’s crust (alumunum)
CARBON FAMILY

• This family includes all metals

• The element carbon is called the “the
basis of life”. There is an entire branch of
chemistry devoted to carbon compounds
called organic chemistry.
NITROGEN FAMILY

• This family includes all kinds of

metals
• this family is named after the
element that takes up 78% of the
atmosphere
NITROGEN FAMILY

• The halogens are located on the left of the noble

gases on the periodic table. These five toxic,
non-metallic elements make up Group 17 of the
periodic table and consist of: fluorine (F),
chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and
astatine (At).
NOBLE GASES

• Noble gases are odorless, colorless, nonflammable,

and monotonic gases that have low chemical
reactivity. also reffered as "inert gases".
• The noble gases are present in the atmosphere in
very small amounts.
• The elements are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar),
krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), radon (Rn), and oganesson
(Og).
RARE EARTH ELEMENTS

• The thirty elements are composed of

lanthanide and actinide series.
• One of the lanthanide series and most of
the elements in actinide series is called
trans-uranium which means synthetic
or man made.
 THANKS
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