Power System Engineering

Performance of Transmission Line

By
Dr. S. Meikandasivam
Professor
SELECT
Syllabus

 Unit 1 TL Parameters
 Unit 2 Modeling and performance of TLs
 Unit 3 Transmission systems
 Unit 4 Insulators and Cables
 Unit 5 Distribution system
 Unit 6 Substation practice
Unit 2 Modeling and performance of TLs

Classification of lines:
 Equivalent circuits for short, medium and long lines
 Transmission efficiency and voltage regulation
Real and reactive power flow in lines:
 Power angle diagram
 Surge impedance loading
 Ferranti effect and corona loss
Performance of TL
 Voltage Regulation:
It is the percentage of change in voltage at the receiving
end when load is varied.
VR0  VRL V  VR
% Re g.  *100  S *100
VRL VR

 Transmission Line Efficiency:

It is the percentage ratio of receiving end power to
sending end power
PO 3VR I R cos  R
Re g. 
%Eff
% *100  *100
PI 3VS I S cos  S
Equivalent ckt for Transmission Line Model

Y = G + jBc
Transmission line Classifications
 Short Transmission Line:
• < 100 km
• < 20 kV
• Only R & L are considered.
• C is neglected
• Analysis – KVL method
 Medium Transmission Line:
100 km to 250 km
20 kV to 100 kV
RLC are considered.
Analysis – KVL method
End Condenser
Nominal T method
Nominal pi method

 Long Transmission Line:

> 250 km
> 100 kV
RLCG are considered.
Analysis – Rigorous method
Nomenclature
 R – Net TL Resistance in ohms/Ph
 L - Net TL Inductance in H/Ph
 XL – Inductive reactance in ohms /ph
 C - Net TL Capacitance in F/Ph
 XC – Capacitive reactance in ohms /ph
 G – Conductance in mho/ph
 Z – Impedance in ohms/ph
 Y – Admittance in ohms/ph
 VS – Sending end voltage in V/ph
 VR – Receiving end voltage in V/ph
 IS – Sending end Current in Amps
 IR – Receiving end Current in Amps
Short Transmission Line
 Consider a equivalent circuit diagram
for short transmission line as shown
in fig..
 R & L are assumed to be lumped.
 Capacitance effect is neglected.
 Since series connection, IS = IR
uur VS
I R I R cos R  j sin R  I R   R
uur
VR VR  j 0 VR 0
IRX
I S I R VR
IR IRR
VS VR  I R Z VS  AVR  BI R VS VR  I R Z
VS VR  I R ( R  jX ) I S CVR  DI R I S 0VR  I R
A 1; B Z
C 0; D 1
Short Transmission Line
VS C
OC 2 OE 2  EC 2
I RX
OC 2 OD  DE    EB  BC 
2 2
A
B
VS 2 VR cos R  I R R   VR sin R  I R X 
2 2

VR I RR
VS  VR cos R  I R R   VR sin R  I R X 
2 2

o IR D E
V  VR
% Re g.  S
VR
End Condenser Method
 Consider a equivalent circuit
diagram for medium
IC
transmission line as shown in fig.
C
 RLC are assumed as lumped.
 Capacitance is contected at the
end.
I R I R cos R  j sin R  I R   R
 IS = IC+IR
VR VR  j 0 VR 0 VS

I S I C  I R
ISX
I S  jCVR  I R YVR  I R IS VR
IR I I SR
VS VR  I S Z
 
C
VS  1  Y Z VR  I R Z
VS VR  Y ZVR  I R Z
 
VS  1  Y Z VR  I R Z I S YVR  I R

 
VS  1  Y Z VR  I R Z
I S YVR  I R
 
A  1  Y Z ; B Z

C Y ; D 1
Nominal T Method
 RLC are assumed as lumped.
 Series Impedance Z is splitted in
to two halves Z/2 and connected
at the two ends.
 Capacitance is shunted in
between
I R I R cos R  j sin R  I R   R
 IS = IC+IR VC VR  I R
Z
VR VR  j 0 VR 0 2
R X
 Z VC VR  I R   j 
I S  jC  VR VI RS   I R 2 2
 2
I X/2 I S I C  I R
ZS
I S  jCVR  jC I R  I R I S  jCVC  I R
IS VR ISR/2 2
IRR/2 I X/2
IR
R
 Z  YZ 
IC I S  jCVR   jC  1 I R I S YVR    1 I R
 2   2 
Nominal T Method

Z
VS VC  I S
2
Z  YZ  Z
VS VR  I R   YVR    1 I R 
2   2   2
Z Z YZ  Z
VS VR  I R  YVR    1 I R
2 2  2  2 YZ  YZ 
VS   1 VR   1  I R
 Y Z  z Y Z   2   4 
VS   1 VR   1  I R YZ 
 2   4  I S YVR  
 2
 1 I R

YZ  YZ 
A   1 ; B   1 z
 2   4 
YZ 
C Y ; D   1
 2 
Nominal π Method
 RLC are assumed as lumped.
 Shunt Admittance Y is splitted in
to two halves Y/2 and connected
at the two ends.
 Series Impedance Z is
connected between two.
I R I R cos R  j sin R  I R   R
VS
VR VR  j 0 VR 0
I LX
IS
VR
IL ILR
IR IC2
IC1
Nominal π Method
jC1 Y
I C1  VR  VR
2 2
Y
I L I C1  I R  VR  I R
2
VS VR  I L Z
jC
YZ IS  VS  I L
VS VR  VR  I R Z 2
2
Y  YZ  YZ Y
 YZ  IS  1  VR  I R  VR  I R
VS  1  2 2  2 2
 VR  Z I R
 2   YZ   YZ 
 YZ 
VS  1   VR  Z I R
I S Y  1   VR   1   IR 2
I S I C 2  I L 4 2  
   
 YZ   YZ 
 YZ   YZ  I S Y  1   VR   1   IR
I S Y  1   VR   1   IR  4   2 
 4   2   YZ 
A  1   ; B Z
 2 
 YZ   YZ 
C Y  1   ; D  1 
 4   2 
Long Transmission Line - Rigours Method
• For accurate modeling of the I+dI I
zdx
transmission line we must not
assume that the parameters are
lumped but are distributed V+dV V
throughout line. ydx

• The length of the line is l .

• Let us consider a small strip dx
Δx that is at a distance x from the
receiving end.
• The voltage and current at the end of the strip are V and I respectively and
the beginning of the strip are V + ΔV and I + Δ I respectively.
• The voltage drop across the strip is then ΔV .
• Since the length of the strip is Δx , the series impedance and shunt
admittance are z Δx and y Δx .
• It is to be noted here that the total impedance and admittance of the line
are
Z z * l Y y *l
Long Transmission Line - Rigours Method

Voltage drop across the small I+dI zdx

I

series strip zdx

dV Izdx
V+dV V
dV ydx
Iz
dx
Current entering the small shunt strip dx
ydx
dI Vydx From wave equation, WKT
dI
dx
Vy  
V k1 cosh x zy  k2 sinh x zy  
Diff. equa. 1 w. r to x Diff. equa. 1 w. r to x
dV
dV Izdx
2 dx

k1 zy sinh x zy  k2 zy cosh x zy   
d V dI
 z Vyz
dx 2 dx  
Iz k1 zy sinh x zy  k2 zy cosh x zy  
y y
I k1
z

sinh x zy  k2
z

cosh x zy  
Long Transmission Line - Rigours Method

Equa. 4 & 5 gives expression in the In above equa. Subs. X=l, to get VS
form of unknown variables. To find & IS
k1 and k2, Assume x=0, V= VR & I=
IR Z
VS VR cosh ZY  I R sinh ZY
k1 VR Y
z Y
k2  IR I S VR sinh ZY  I R cosh ZY
y Z

Subs. k1 & k2 in 4 & 5

z
 
V VR cosh x zy  I R
y

sinh x zy  VS cosh ZYVR 
Z
Y
sinh ZY I R

Y
y IS  sinh ZYVR  cosh ZY I R
I VR
z
  
sinh x zy  I R cosh x zy  Z
Z
A cosh ZY ; B  sinh ZY
Y
Y
C sinh ZY ; D cosh ZY
Z
Generalized Constants ABCD

VS  AVR  BI R I S CVR  DI R
Unit 3 Transmission systems

Mechanical design of transmission lines

 Line sag,
 string chart,
 line support,
 conductor material,
 economic considerations of the
transmission line
 overhead line versus underground line.
Unit 4 Insulators and Cables

Insulators:
 Types, Voltage distribution in insulator
string and grading , improvement of
string efficiency.
Cables:
 Constructional features of HT & LT
cables, dielectric stress and grading ,
Thermal characteristics
Unit 5 Distribution system
 Differenttypes of distributors – Selection
of conductor sizes – radial and ring main
systems – DC three wire systems – single
fed and multi fed distribution systems ;
Unit 6 substation practice

 Types of substations,- equipments in the

substation - bus bar arrangements –
substation protection against over
voltages
References
 Text books:
 D.P.Kothari, I.J. Nagrath, Power System Engineering, Tata
McGrawHill Publishing, 2nd edition, 2008.
 V.K. Metha, Rohit Metha, Principles of Power system, S. Chand,
4th revised edition.
 Syed A. Nasar, Electric Power Systems, Tata Mc Graw Hill
Publishing.
 References:William Stevenson, Elements of power system
analysis”, Mc Graw Hill Company, 4th edition.I.J.Nagrath and
D.Kothari,”modern power system analysis” Tata mc graw hill 2nd
edition.C.L.wadhwa,’Electrical power system’, new age
publications, 1998.Turan gonen, ’Electrical power distribution
system engineering
 www.pgcil.com
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 www.cpri.org
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