Course no.

: CSE 1100
Course Title: Computer Fundamentals and
Ethics
Lecture 1

EMRANA KABIR HASHI

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CSE, RUET
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What is a computer?
 A computer is a electromechanical device which can be programmed to change (process)
information from one form to another.
 Do exactly as they are told.
 Digital devices: Understand only two different states (OFF and ON)

 A computer is a programmable machine designed to perform arithmetic and logical

operations automatically and sequentially on the input given by the user and gives the
desired output after processing.
 Computer components:
 Hardware is the machine itself and its connected devices such as monitor, keyboard, mouse etc.
 Software are the set of programs that make use of hardware for performing various functions.
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Operations or Functions

A computer performs five major operations or functions irrespective of its

size and make.
 accepts data or instructions as input,
 stores data and instruction
 processes data as per the instructions,
 controls all operations inside a computer, and
 gives results in the form of output.
Advantages of Computers

High Speed
 Computer is a very fast device.
 It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount of data.
 The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even
the picosecond.
 It can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to
man who will spend many months to perform the same task.
Advantages of Computers

Accuracy
 In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate.
 The calculations are 100% error free.
 Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that the input
is correct.
Advantages of Computers

Storage Capability
 Memory is a very important characteristic of computers.
 A computer has much more storage capacity than human beings.
 It can store large amount of data.
 It can store any type of data such as images, videos, text, audio, etc.
Advantages of Computers

Diligence
 Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and
lack of concentration.
 It can work continuously without any error and boredom.
 It can perform repeated tasks with the same speed and accuracy.
Advantages of Computers

Versatility
 A computer is a very versatile machine.
 A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to be done.
 This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various fields.
 At one instance, it may be solving a complex scientific problem and the
very next moment it may be playing a card game.
Advantages of Computers

Reliability
 A computer is a reliable machine.
 Modern electronic components have long lives.
 Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.
Automation
 Computer is an automatic machine.
 Automation is the ability to perform a given task automatically. Once the
computer receives a program i.e., the program is stored in the computer
memory, then the program and instruction can control the program
execution without human interaction.
Advantages of Computers

Reduction in Paper Work and Cost

 The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to
reduction in
paper work and results in speeding up the process.
 As data in electronic files can be retrieved as and when required, the
problem of
maintenance of large number of paper files gets reduced.
 Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high, it
substantially
reduces the cost of each of its transaction.
Disadvantages of Computers

No I.Q.
 A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task.
 Each instruction has to be given to the computer.
 A computer cannot take any decision on its own.
Dependency
 It functions as per the user’s instruction, thus it is fully dependent on humans.
Environment
 The operating environment of the computer should be dust free and suitable.
No Feeling
 Computers have no feelings or emotions.
 It cannot make judgment based on feeling, taste, experience, and knowledge unlike humans.
 Computer Fundamentals ─
Applications

Business
A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy,
reliability, or versatility which has made it an integrated part in all
business organizations. Computer is used in business
organizations for:
 Payroll calculations
 Budgeting
 Sales analysis
 Financial forecasting
 Managing employee database
 Maintenance of stocks, etc.
Computer Applications

Banking
Today, banking is almost totally dependent on
computers. Banks provide the following facilities:
 Online accounting facility, which includes
checking current balance, making deposits and
overdrafts, checking interest charges, shares, and
trustee records.
 ATM machines which are completely automated
are making it even easier for customers to deal
with banks.
Computer Applications

Insurance
Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of
computers. Insurance companies, finance houses, and stock broking
firms are widely using computers for their concerns. Insurance
companies are maintaining a database of all clients with information
showing:
 Procedure to continue with policies
 Starting date of the policies
Next due installment of a policy
 Maturity date
 Interests due
 Survival benefits
 Bonus
Computer Applications

Education
The computer helps in providing a lot of facilities in the education
system.
 The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE
(Computer Based Education).
 CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning.
 Computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of
computer students.
 There are a number of methods in which educational institutions can
use a computer to educate the students.
 It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and
analysis is carried out on this basis.
Computer Applications

Marketing
In marketing, uses of the computer are following:
 Advertising - With computers, advertising professionals
create art and graphics, write and revise copy, and print
and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products.
 Home Shopping - Home shopping has been made
possible through the use of computerized catalogues that
provide access to product information and permit direct
entry of orders to be filled by the customers.
 Computer Applications

Healthcare
Computers have become an important part in hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. They are
being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also used in
scanning and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG, ultrasounds and CT scans, etc.
are also done by computerized machines. Following are some major fields of health care
in which computers are used.
 Diagnostic System - Computers are used to collect data and identify the cause of
illness.
 Lab-diagnostic System - All tests can be done and the reports are prepared by
computer.
 Patient Monitoring System – These are used to check the patient's signs for
abnormality such as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG, etc.
 Pharma Information System- Computer is used to check drug labels, expiry dates,
harmful side effects, etc.
 Surgery - Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery.
Computer Applications

Engineering Design
Computers are widely used for Engineering purpose. One of the major areas is
CAD (Computer Aided Design) that provides creation and modification of
images. Some of the fields are:
 Structural Engineering – Requires stress and strain analysis for design of
ships, buildings, budgets, airplanes, etc.
 Industrial Engineering – Computers deal with design, implementation, and
improvement of integrated systems of people, materials, and equipment.
 Architectural Engineering
- Computers help in planning towns,
designing buildings, determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D
and 3D drawings.
Computer Applications

Military
Computers are largely used in defence. Modern tanks, missiles,
weapons, etc. Military also employs computerized control
systems. Some military areas where a computer has been used
are:
 Missile Control
 Military Communication
 Military Operation and Planning
 Smart Weapons
Computer Applications

Communication
Communication is a way to convey a message, an idea, a picture, or
speech that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the
person for whom it is meant. Some main areas in this category are:
 E-mail
 Chatting
 Usenet
 FTP
 Telnet
 Video-conferencing
Computer Applications

Government
Computers play an important role in government services. Some
major fields in this category are:
 Budgets
 Sales tax department
 Income tax department
 Computation of male/female ratio
 Computerization of voters lists
 Computerization of PAN card
 Weather forecasting
Computer Organization
Computer Organization
Computer Organization

 Input Unit: This unit is used for entering data and programs into the computer system by the user
for processing.
 Storage Unit: The storage unit is used for storing data and instructions before and after
processing.
 Output Unit: The output unit is used for storing the result as output produced by the computer
after processing.
 Processing: The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is called
processing. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) takes data and instructions from the storage unit and
makes all sorts of calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data provided. It is
then sent back to the storage unit. CPU includes Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit (CU).
 Arithmetic Logic Unit: All calculations and comparisons, based on the instructions provided, are
carried out within the ALU. It performs arithmetic functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division and also logical operations like greater than, less than and equal to etc.
 Control Unit: Controlling of all operations like input, processing and output are performed by
control unit. It takes care of step by step processing of all operations inside the computer.
Central Processing Unit

Central Processing Unit (CPU) consists of the following

features:
 CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
 CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
 It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions
(program).
 It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.
Central Processing Unit

 CPU itself has following three components.

  Memory or Storage Unit
  Control Unit
  ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
Memory or Storage Unit

This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. This unit supplies
information to other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal
storage unit or the main memory or the primary storage or Random Access Memory
(RAM). Its size affects speed, power, and capability. Primary memory and secondary
memory are two types of memories in the computer. Functions of the memory unit are:
 It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
 It stores intermediate results of processing.
 It stores the final results of processing before these results are released to an
output device.
 All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.
Control Unit

Functions of this unit are:

 It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other
units of a computer.
 It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
 It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the
operation of the computer.
 It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results from
storage.
 It does not process or store data.
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

This unit consists of two subsections namely,

 Arithmetic Section
 Logic Section
Arithmetic Section
Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of
the above operations.
Logic Section
Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting,
matching, and merging of data.