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Introduction To Data Communications

The document provides an introduction to data communications, defining key concepts such as telecommunication, data flow, and the components of a data communication system. It outlines four fundamental characteristics that affect the effectiveness of data communication: delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and jitter. Additionally, it discusses networks, their criteria, physical structures, categories, and the role of protocols in governing data communications.

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7 views26 pages

Introduction To Data Communications

The document provides an introduction to data communications, defining key concepts such as telecommunication, data flow, and the components of a data communication system. It outlines four fundamental characteristics that affect the effectiveness of data communication: delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and jitter. Additionally, it discusses networks, their criteria, physical structures, categories, and the role of protocols in governing data communications.

Uploaded by

francis.jariolne
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
The term telecommunication means communication at a
distance. The word data refers to information presented
in whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data. Data communications are the
exchange of data between two devices via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.

Topics discussed in this section:


 Components of a data communications system
 Data Flow

1.2
The effectiveness of a data
communications system depends on
four fundamental characteristics:
1.delivery,
2.accuracy,
3.timeliness, and
4.jitter.
1.3
1.Delivery: The system must deliver data to the correct
destination. Data must be received by the intended device
or user and only by that device or user.
2.Accuracy: The system must deliver the data accurately.
Data that have been altered in transmission and left
uncorrected are unusable.
3.Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a timely
manner. Data delivered late are useless. In the case of
video and audio, timely delivery means delivering data as
they are produced, in the same order that they are
produced, and without significant delay. This kind of
delivery is called real-time transmission.
1.4
4. Jitter: Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival
time. It is the uneven delay in the delivery of audio or
video packets. For example, let us assume that video
packets are sent every 30ms. If some of the packets arrive
with 30ms delay and others with 40ms delay, an uneven
quality in the video is the result.

1.5
Figure 1.1 Components of a data communication system

A.Message
B.Sender
C.Receiver
D.Transmission Medium
E.Protocol

1.6
Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

1.7
1-2 NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)


connected by communication links. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any
medium which can transport a signal carrying
information.
Topics discussed in this section:
 Network Criteria
 Physical Structures
 Categories of Networks

1.8
1-2A NETWORKS- Distributed processing

Most networks use distributed processing, in which a task


is divided among multiple computers. Instead of one
single large machine being responsible for all aspects of
a process, separate computer (usually a personal
computer or workstation) handle a subset.

1.9
Network Criteria

 Performance
 Depends on Network Elements
 Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
 Reliability
 Failure rate of network components
 Measured in terms of availability/robustness
 Security
 Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
 Errors
 Malicious users

1.10
Physical Structures

 Type of Connection
 Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver
 Multipoint - multiple recipients of a single
transmission
 Physical Topology
 Connection of devices
 Type of transmission - unicast, multicast, broadcast

1.11
Figure 1.3 Types of connections: point-to-point and multipoint

1.12
Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

1.13
Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

1.14
Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

1.15
Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

1.16
Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

1.17
Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

1.18
Categories of Networks

 Local Area Networks (LANs)


 Short distances
 Designed to provide local interconnectivity
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
 Long distances
 Provide connectivity over large areas
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
 Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus

1.19
Figure 1.10 An isolated LAN connecting 12 computers to a hub in a closet

1.20
Figure 1.11 WANs: a switched WAN and a point-to-point WAN

1.21
Figure 1.12 A heterogeneous network made of four WANs and two LANs

1.22
1-3 THE INTERNET

The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of our daily


lives. It has affected the way we do business as well as the
way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is a
communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.

Topics discussed in this section:


Organization of the Internet
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

1.23
Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

1.24
1-4 PROTOCOLS

A protocol is synonymous with rule. It consists of a set of


rules that govern data communications. It determines
what is communicated, how it is communicated and when
it is communicated. The key elements of a protocol are
syntax, semantics and timing

Topics discussed in this section:


 Syntax
 Semantics
 Timing

1.25
Elements of a Protocol

 Syntax
 Structure or format of the data
 Indicates how to read the bits - field delineation
 Semantics
 Interprets the meaning of the bits
 Knows which fields define what action
 Timing
 When data should be sent and what
 Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is
being received.

1.26

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