Good Health and Its balance for

Positive Mind set

 What is Health?
• Health is combination of your physical,
mental, emotional, and social well being.
• The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health
as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-
being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
(illness).”
 Introduction
• Health is the body's functional and metabolic efficiency, and its
ability to adapt to the physical, mental, and social changes that it is
exposed to.
• Health is the opposite of disease, and also means the safety of the
body from physical, social, and mental disorders.
• Health is the factor that helps a person perform his daily life tasks in
a correct and right way.
• A person's physical health means that the body does not have any
diseases in all parts of his body, and the safety of all its membranes.
• While mental and social health is represented by the ability of a
person to accomplish social tasks entrusted to him without defect or
error.
 Dimensions of Health
1. Physical dimension
State in which every cell & organ is functioning at optimum capacity &
in perfect harmony with the rest of the body
2. Mental dimension
Mental health has been defined a state of balance between the
individual & the surrounding world
3. Social dimension
Quantity & quality of an individual's interpersonal ties & involvement
with the community
4. Spiritual dimension
Refers to that part of the individual which strives for meaning &
purpose in life
or it is mainly related to integrity, principal, ethics.
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5. Emotional dimension
Relates to feeling
6. Vocational dimension
Work often plays an important role in promoting
both physical & mental health
7. Cultural dimension
8. Economical dimension
9. Environmental dimension
10. Nutritional dimension
 Determinants of Health
1.Biological(human biology)
- Diseases are known to be of genetic origin e.g., chromosomal
anomalies, diabetes
2. Behavioral
Lifestyles & Personal habits, Cultural & Behavioral pattern.
Developed countries- Obesity, drug addiction.
Developing countries- Lack of sanitation, poor nutrition
3. Environment
Internal environment - tissue, organ & organ system & their
harmonious functioning within the system.
External environment - all that which is external to the individual
like physical, biological and social environment.
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4. Socio economic
i. Economic status-purchasing power
ii. Education
iii. Occupation
*state of being employed promotes health
*loss of work can cause psychological & social damage
5. Health system
-health and family welfare services
-personal & community service
-immunization of children
-provision of safe water
6. Aging
- increased prevalence of chronic diseases and diabilities
7. Gender
 Why health is important?
• There are several benefits of healthy life.
1. Your body becomes free from various form of disorders and
thus you get a longer life.
2. You can live a life without suffering from any aches, pains, or
discomfort, in every spare of your life you will be able to
perform to the best of your ability.
3. Doing excellent work helps you to be a valuable member of
healthy society. Besides when your physically fit it gets
reflected on your face.
 Importance of positive life
1. Increases the longetivity
a. Slows down aging process
b. Reduces risk of disease
1. Increase the level of energy
a. Increases satisfaction
b. Increases productivity
1. Helps in reducing depression
a. Elevates the hormone level in body
b. Regulates positive thinking
 What influences your Health

• Health begins where we live, work, learn, and play .

• Our health is largely determined by the social, economic, cultural, and
physical environments we live in.
• Everything from where we work and live to our level of education and
our access to healthy food and water.
• These conditions are known as social determinants of health:
• the social and economic resources — such as housing, education, food
access, and transportation(health determining resources )— that support
health and can determine length and quality of life
• These social and economic factors have a significant impact on individual
and community-level health
• The image below shows how range of factors that impact health:
 Factors that influence health
• Factors that influence health are called health determinants this include
• Who they are?
age, sex , genes
• What they do?(as in health behaviour)
physical activity, smoking ,alcohol ,diet.
• Health is also largely influenced by condition in which they are born,
grow, live, work and age.
• Collectively called social determinants of health
• These social determinants are shaped by the distribution of money ,
power and resources at national, international and local level
• These can lead Health inequities
 Social determinants of health
• Using the frame work developed by WHO according to
which there two broad of health determinants
1 .structural determinants
2.Intermediary determinants
Structural determinants are socio-economic and political
context that people live in
it include governance , policies and also social& cultural
values placed on health issues these factors can leads to
unequal distribution of material and monetary resource
which can shape a persons socioeconomic position
• Socioeconomic position can be characterised by
education, occupation, income, gender, ethnicity
and social class
• Structural determinants operates through a set of
intermediary determinants that impacts a person’s
exposure, vulnerability and outcomes the factors
that affects there health
• These includes material circumstances,
psychosocial factors, behaviours and biological
factors
• In addition to this the health system determine the type
of health care, quality of it and how easily it is accessible
• bridging the SD and ID are social cohesion and social
capital
• The links between all this determinants are not always
linear but can be interdependent, interact in many
different ways to influence health
• Ex poor income can limit the opportunity for achieving
good health and conversely poor health can limit the
opportunity for people to participate in work force
Health Benefits
 Health Benefits
• Weight Loss. One of the main reasons people eat a healthy diet is
to maintain a healthy weight or to lose weight.
• Heart Health.
• Strong bones and teeth.
• Better mood and energy levels.
• Improved memory and brain health.
 Advantages of good health
(short term)
• Gives you more energy and strength during
the day.
• Decreases stress, anxiety, and fatigue.
• Lowers your blood sugar within 1 hour.
• Sleep better
 Advantages of good health
• feeling better mentally – regular exercise can lift
your mood and help you feel better
• saving money – eating junk food, smoking, and
drinking sugary drinks or alcohol are all expensive
habits
• fewer health problems – living a healthier lifestyle
means a lower risk of developing many illnesses
• taking control of your life – getting healthy helps
you feel in control of your life.
 Health and Wellness
• Are two different concepts and the meanings are also
different.
• The WHO defines health as 'a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being and not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity'.
• WHO defines wellness as the optimal state of health
of individuals and groups,“ and wellness is expressed
as a positive approach to living."
• Health is a goal and wellness is the active process of
achieving it. No health without wellness.
 Health Versus Wellness
• One cannot choose the state of health, but can consciously
choose wellness by living the life with responsibly and
taking proactive steps for the well-being.
• Health comprises the diagnosis of a disease/illness,
predisposition to a disease, and any unexpected injury.
• Wellness is an active process of growth and change to
reach your fullest health and well-being.
• Wellness is associated with actively pursuing activities,
lifestyle changes, controlling risk factors, focusing on
nutrition, having a balanced diet, and following spiritual
practices that lead to holistic health.
Wellness
• Wellness gets firmly associated with health and
prevention.
• Wellness is the state or quality of being healthy.
Wellbeing
• Well-being becomes more associated with
happiness.
• Well-being is the state of being healthy, happy, or
successful.
 Dimensions of Wellness - Physical
• Physical wellness increases physical fitness; by being
physically fit, a person would have an enhanced ability
to prevent illness and diseases.
• Exercise stimulates a healthy mind and body.
• A sedentary lifestyle can be avoided by increasing
physical activity in everyday life such as walking,
cycling, walking the dog, taking the steps, and hiking.
• Having good nutrition, eating a balanced diet, drinking
sufficient water(eight glasses per day), and getting
adequate sleep promotes a person's physical wellness.
 Dimensions of Wellness – Intellectual and
emotional
• Mental exercise and engagement through learning,
problem-solving , and creativity support intellectual
wellness and promote a better attitude.
• People who learn new things and challenge their
mind can avoid mental health problems.
• A person with emotional wellness can deal with
stressful situations. A person who is aware of their
own feelings has good self-esteem, and has
empathy toward others' feelings would have
emotional wellness.
 Dimensions of Wellness – Environmental
and social
• Awareness of the role we play in improving our
natural environment rather than denigrating it and
maintaining and living in a healthy physical
environment free of hazards promotes wellness.
• Social circles and support networks are invaluable to
the overall wellbeing of a person. Relating,
interacting, and contributing to a community,
establishing good interpersonal relations, and
maintaining long-term relationships with family and
friends keep a person happier and healthier.
Where does psychology fit in with the field
of health?
• Health-related research and practices
primarily involved with people
• Health psychology is closely involved in
exploring, explaining and altering people's
behaviors, attitudes and thoughts towards
health and illness
 Definitions
• Health psychology is an interdisciplinary field
concerned with the application of
psychological knowledge and techniques in
health, illness and health care.- Marks et al.
(2005)
 In other words.
• Refers to understanding the
social,behavioural, cognitive, and emotional
factors that influence the:
- Maintenance of health
- Development of illness and disease
- Course of illness or disease
- Patient's and family’s responses to illness and
disease
 Broad areas of health psychology
1. They focus on the Etiology and
correlates(behavioral, social, psychological)of
health, illness and dysfunction
2. They study the psychological aspects of Prevention
and treatment of illness
3. Health promotion, prediction, compliance and
maintenance
4. They analyze and attempts to improve the Health
care system and the formation of health care
policies
 Goals of health psychology
1. Understanding behavioural and contextual factors for
health and illness
2. Preventing illness
3. Investigating the effect of disease
4. Providing critical analyses of health policies
5. Conducting research on preventing of and intervention
in health problem
6. Improving adherence to medical advice
7. Improving doctor-patient communication
8. Finding treatments to manage pain
Why is health psychology needed?
1. Changing illness patterns
2. Aiding technology and research
3. Offering quality healthcare services
4. Health-related policy-making
 A few important concepts
Health cognitions
Mental processes (remembering, problem
solving, decision-making, information
processing)
Health attitudes
Attitudes, views, beliefs and opinions
Health behaviors
Actions and habits that people adopt
 WHAT ARE THE AIMS OF HEALTH
PSYCHOLOGY?
• Health psychology emphasizes the role of
psychological factors in the cause, progression
and consequences of health and illness. The
aims of health psychology can be divided
into
(1) understanding, explaining, developing and
testing theory and
(2) putting this theory into practice.
1 Health psychology aims to understand, explain, develop and test theory
by:
(a) Evaluating the role of behaviour in the aetiology of illness. For example:
Coronary heart disease is related to behaviours such as smoking, food
intake, lack of exercise.
Many cancers are related to behaviours such as diet, smoking, alcohol and
failure to attend for screening or health check-ups.
A stroke is related to smoking, cholesterol and high blood pressure.
An often overlooked cause of death is accidents. These may be related to
alcohol consumption, drugs and careless driving.
(b) Predicting unhealthy behaviours. For example:
Smoking, alcohol consumption and high fat diets are related to beliefs.
Beliefs about health and illness can be used to predict behaviour.
(c) Evaluating the interaction between psychology and physiology. For
example:
The experience of stress relates to appraisal, coping and social support.
Stress leads to physiological changes which can trigger or exacerbate
illness.
Pain perception can be exacerbated by anxiety and reduced by
distraction.
(d) Understanding the role of psychology in the experience of illness.
For example:
Understanding the psychological consequences of illness could help to
alleviate symptoms such as pain, nausea and vomiting.
Understanding the psychological consequences of illness could help
alleviate psychological symptoms such as anxiety and depression.
(e) Evaluating the role of psychology in the
treatment of illness. For example:
If psychological factors are important in the
cause of illness they may also have a role in its
treatment.
Changing behaviour and reducing stress could
reduce the chances of a further heart attack.
Treatment of the psychological consequences of
illness may have an impact on longevity
2 Health psychology also aims to put theory into practice. This can be implemented
by:
(a) Promoting healthy behaviour. For example:
Understanding the role of behaviour in illness can allow unhealthy behaviours to be
targeted.
Understanding the beliefs that predict behaviours can allow these beliefs to be
targeted.
Understanding beliefs can help these beliefs to be changed.
(b) Preventing illness. For example:
Changing beliefs and behaviour could prevent illness onset.
Modifying stress could reduce the risk of a heart attack.
Behavioural interventions during illness (e.g. stopping smoking after a heart attack)
may prevent further illness.
Training health professionals to improve their communication skills and to carry out
interventions may help to prevent illness.
Main approaches to understanding health.
disease and behavior
1. Biological bases
2. Cognitive-affective bases
3. Social bases
4. Psychological base
 6 major health behaviors
1. Physical activity
2. Eating
3. Tobacco consumption
4. Alcohol consumption
5. Substance use and abuse
6. Sexual behavior
 Health and Behaviour
• Health behavior refers to actions that an
individual engages in that affect their health
either positively or negatively.
• These can be simple personal choices like
hand washing or more complex situations like
choosing to live in an area with high air
pollution.
 Health behaviour
• Any activity undertaken for the purpose of
preventing or detecting disease or for
improving health and wellbeing
(conner&norman1996)
• Behaviour patterns, action and habits that
relate to health maintenance,tohealth
restoration and health improvement(gachman
1997)
 Locus of control and self efficacy
• These are self limiting constructs that play a
significant role in the likelihood of behaviour
change
• Locus of control & self efficacy are distinctly
different although there is a degree of overlap
between the two
 Locus of control
• Locus of control- refers to our beliefs about
the power we have over our lives
• Locus of control is the place or location of
where we believe the control over our life
 Self efficacy
“ the conviction that one can successfully
execute the behaviour required to produce
the outcomes” (bandura 1977)
“ in other words it is the beliefs in ones own
ability to complete task or to achieve goals
• Kasl and Cobb (1966) defined three types of health-related behaviours. They
suggested that:
• a health behaviour was a behaviour aimed to prevent disease (e.g. eating a healthy
• diet);
• an illness behaviour was a behaviour aimed to seek remedy (e.g. going to the
• doctor);
• a sick role behaviour was any activity aimed to get well (e.g. taking prescribed
• medication, resting).
• Health behaviours were further defined by Matarazzo (1984) in terms of either:
• health impairing habits, which he called ‘behavioural pathogens’ (e.g. smoking,
eating
• a high fat diet), or
• health protective behaviours, which he defined as ‘behavioural immunogens’ (e.g.
• attending a health check).
 Health belief
• health beliefs such as the attributions about
causes of health and behaviour, perceptions of
risk and the stages of change model.
 Health beliefs
1 What people believe about their health
2 What they think constitutes their health
3 What they consider the cause of their illness and ways to
overcome it.
4 Beliefs are culturally determined, and all come together to
form larger health belief systems.
5 The HBM(health belief model) attempts to predict health-
related behavior in terms of certain belief patterns.
6 A person's motivation to undertake a health behavior is
categorized :individual perceptions, modifying factors, and
likelihood of action.
 Health Advertisement
• Healthy Ads is a Health Advertising platform for Fitness,
Medical, Wellness, Pharmaceutical & Health brands to reach
highly engaged and healthy conscious consumers online
How does advertising affect our health?
1 Food industry advertising that targets children and youth
has been linked to the increase of childhood obesity.
2 Advertising by other industries often objectifies girls and
women, contributing to body dissatisfaction, eating
disorders, low self-esteem and depression.
3 The concept of good advertising makes us believe that
something is better than actually is" doesn't have to do
with buying things that we don't like just because we saw
it on the internet
4 Advertisers think about what consumers want and need,
and how they can meet those wants and needs.
Health and society
 Health and society
• Focuses research on how social environment
influences health
• Poverty and being low-income are associated
with higher risks of illness and lower life-
expectancy
• Social inequality=health inequality
 Health and society
• Adults who are socially active live longer and are
healthier than their more isolated peers. Social
relationships are vital to maintaining good health.
• Conversely, social isolation creates health risks. Studies
have shown that for patients with coronary artery
disease, social isolation creates added risk of death.
• Good health is an important enabler of positive family
and community life.
• It enables people to participate in, and contribute to,
society in different ways.
 Health and family
• Umberson (1987) states that family members influence health
behaviours through indirect and direct control mechanisms.
• Family members may also directly regulate one's health
behaviour by physical means and supportive behaviours.
• Every family member can influence another family member's
health attitudes and behaviours through communication.
• Research reveals that critical comments from family members
predicts the chance of relapse in depression, eating disorders,
and schizophrenia.
• Family members can support our decision to enact healthier
behaviours.
PERSONALITY TRAITS
Health and Personality - Profession
• Through its influence on thoughts, emotions, behaviours, and
environments, personality is one of the best psychological
predictors of physical health.
• Personality is measured using the Big Five framework made up
of extroversion, conscientiousness, openness, neuroticism, and
agreeableness
• The disordered personality was significantly predictive of
worse physical functioning, role limitations, fatigue, and pain.
• In the workplace, your personality affects how you interact
with your colleagues, managers, and clients and it may also
have an impact on your earnings potential, your career
trajectory, and job satisfaction
 Health disparities
• Health and health care disparities refer to differences in health
and health care between groups that stem from broader
inequities. There are multiple definitions of health disparities.
Healthy People 2020 defines a health disparity as, “a particular
type of health difference that is closely linked with social,
economic, and/or environmental disadvantage” and notes that
disparities, “adversely affect groups of people who have
systematically experienced greater obstacles to health based on
their racial or ethnic group; religion; socioeconomic status;
gender; age; mental health; cognitive, sensory, or physical
disability; sexual orientation or gender identity; geographic
location; or other characteristics historically linked to
discrimination or exclusion.”
Disparities of health in different vulnerable
groups
• Health disparities adversely affect groups of people
who have systematically experienced greater obstacles
to health based on their racial or ethnic group;
religion; socioeconomic status; gender; age; mental
health; cognitive, sensory, or physical disability; sexual
orientation or gender identity; geographic location;
• In India the vulnerable groups that face discrimination
include Women, Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled
Tribes (ST), Children, Aged, Disabled, Poor migrants,
People living with HIV/AIDS and Sexual Minorities.
 Examples of Health Disparities

• Mortality.
• Life expectancy.
• Burden of disease.
• Mental health.
• Uninsured/underinsured.
• Lack of access to care.
Cause and remedies for health disparities
Cause

1. Poverty and inequality

2. Social exclusion and discrimination
3. A life course perspective
4. Public policies and services
5. The built environment
6. Work and employment
7. Community and social participation
8. Health behaviours
9. Stress

Remedies

10. High quality education

11. Nutritious food
12. Decent and safe housing
13. Affordable, reliable public transportation
14. Health insurance
15. Clean water and non polluted air
 Health and Psychology
• Health psychology is the study of psychological and
behavioral processes in health, illness, and healthcare.
• It is concerned with understanding how psychological,
behavioral, and cultural factors contribute to physical
health and illness. Psychological factors can affect
health directly.
• The goal of health psychology is to apply health
education, information, prevention, and control in
ways that will alleviate patients' physical symptoms
and improve their lives.
Psychological disorders (Stress and Health -
Stress management
• Stress can be defined as any type of change
that causes physical, emotional, or
psychological strain.
• Stress is your body's response to anything that
requires attention or action.
• Signs: Psychological,Emotional,Physical &
Behavioural.
 Types of Stresses
• Acute stress is a very short-term type of stress that can either be
positive or more distressing; this is the type of stress we most often
encounter in day-to-day life.
• Chronic stress is stress that seems never-ending and inescapable, like
the stress of a bad marriage or an extremely taxing job.
• Episodic acute stress is acute stress that seems to run rampant and
be a way of life, creating a life of ongoing distress.
• Eustress is fun and exciting. It's known as a positive type of stress
that can keep you energized. It's associated with surges of
adrenaline, such as when you are skiing or racing to meet a deadline.
 Coping with Stresses
• Learn to recognize the signs of burnout. High levels of stress may place you at
a high risk of burnout. Burnout can leave you feeling exhausted and apathetic
about your job.
• When you start to feel symptoms of emotional exhaustion, it's a sign that you
need to find a way to get a handle on your stress.
• Try to get regular exercise. Physical activity has a big impact on your brain and
your body.Exercise reduces stress and improves many symptoms associated
with mental illness
• Take care of yourself. Incorporating regular self-care activities into your daily
life is essential to stress management. Learn how to take care of your mind,
body, and spirit and discover how to equip yourself to live your best life.
• Practice mindfulness in your life. Mindfulness isn't just something you practice
for 10 minutes each day. It can also be a way of life. Discover how to live more
mindfully throughout your day so you can become more awake and conscious
throughout your life.
 Mindfulness for Spiritual and Intellectual
health personality
• Mindfulness simply means paying attention to the
present moment, on purpose, non-judgmentally.
• Mindfulness can be cultivated through meditation
• It is the only one technique that can increase mental
health and wellbeing.
• Several therapeutic techniques have been based on
these practices, such as mindfulness-based stress
reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
• One can be mindful, observing their surroundings in
the present moment, without being spiritual