AIRLINES

Charter flights play an Charter airlines cater to

integral role in the aviation specific group bookings or
industry around the world. seasonal routes, while cargo
They provide useful services airlines focus solely on
for travelers to get to their transporting goods. Each
destinations, while model plays a critical role in
contributing significantly to the global aviation
the overall economy of the ecosystem.
market.
 THE
PHASES OF
FLIGHT
The flight has to 7 to 8 phases. If
an aircraft complete these all
stages of flight, then it is said to
have been completed one Flight
Cycle.
 1
TAXIING TO THE RUNWAY

Taxiing is the stage in which the aircraft moves

to the runway under its own engine power.

A small pushback truck pushes the aircraft by

attaching a tow bar to the aircraft's nose gear.
Then the aircraft is brought to the taxi line where
the pilots start to engine and commence for
taxiing.

Taxi lines are always marked by a yellow color.

2

PERFORMING TAKEOFF
ROLL
After the pilots getting the takeoff
clearance, full engine power is applied.
The aircraft starts rolling down the
runway and speeds up.
3
TAKEOFF
At reaching the V1 speed or the rotation
speed, the nose of the aircraft is lifted
up in the air and the aircraft takes off
from the runway. That's the end of the
takeoff phase.
4
CLIMB

Now starts the climb phase. The landing

gears are retracted and the trust is reduced
to climb power. This phase includes gaining
of altitude and increasing the speed step by
step, the flaps are retracted and After
Takeoff Checklist is completed.
5
CRUISE

This is the longest phase of the flight. The

aircraft gets the maximum fuel economy.
Nowadays, most commercial aircraft
cruises around 3600 to 3900 feet. Since
most of the aircraft's fuel is burned in this
phase, the aircraft becomes lighter and
lighter thereby getting more and more
fuel economy.
6
DESCENT

In this phase, the aircraft starts reducing

its altitude step by step. The pilots
prepare for landing. The engine power is
reduced. An aircraft maintains constant
of angle of descent with a constant
airspeed. The flaps and the landing gears
are deployed.
7
FINAL APPROACH

The aircraft is lined up with runway and

descended further. The speed of the
aircraft is reduced but the heading is
same as that of the runway. The aircraft
follows the Approach Slope and touches
down.
8
LANDING

The phase of flight where all the wheels

of the aircraft touches the runway and
Spoilers and Reverse Thrust is engaged.
The aircraft is decelerated and
commence on taxiing to the airport
terminal building and stops at the gate.
CIVIL AVIATION
Internation Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) classifies civil aviation activities as
commercial air transport services and general aviation. Note that business
aviation can be either commercial or GA depending on whether or not there is a
charge for the service provided.

Commercial Air Transport (CAT)

General Aviation
Services
(GA)
1. Scheduled • Non-commercial business aviation
2. Non-scheduled • Instructional flying
• Charter • Pleasure flying
• On demand (air-taxi, commercial • Aerial work (agriculture, construction,
business aviation, other) surveying, photography,
• Other advertisement, SaR, etc.)
• Other flying
COMMERCIAL OPERATION

Any operation of an aircraft, in return for remuneration or

other valuable consideration, which is available to the public,
or when not made available to the public, which is performed
under a contract between an operator and a customer,
where the latter has no control over the operator.

CAT is a type of commercial operation. The other type of

commercial operation is commercial specialized operations
which are conducted for a charge.
Specialized Operations (SPO)
The aircraft is used for specialize activities such as:

• agriculture
• construction
• photography
• surveying
• observation and patrol
• aerial advertisement

SPO can also be a non-commercial operation.

For example, an agriculture work, if done by a
farmer on their own farm, would be non-
commercial. If the same farmer did the same
activity on a neighbor 's farm for a fee, this
would be a commercial operation (but not CAT
since no transportation takes place). example of agricultural aircraft
NON-COMMERCIAL OPERATION

Any operation that does not fall within the definition of

commercial operation is non-commercial. These
operation are divided into:

• non-commercial with complex motor-

powered aircraft (NCC)
• non-commercial with other-than-complex
motor-powered aircraft (NCO)
Definitions:

Complex Motor-powered Aircraft

i. An aeroplane

• With a maximum certificated take-off

mass exceeding 5 700 kg. or

• Certificated with a maximum passenger

seating configuration of more than nineteen,
or

• Certificated for operation with a

minimum crew of at least two pilots, or

• Equipped with (a) turbojet engine(s) or

ii. a helicopter certificated:

• For a maximum take-off mass exceeding

3,175 kg, or

• For a maximum passenger seating

configuration of more than nine, or

• For operation with a minimum crew for at

least two pilots, or

iii. a tilt rotor aircraft

 FLIGHT Direct Flight

TYPES AND A flight with one or more

intermediate stops but no change
ROUTES of aircraft. Due to the length of the
trip and a limited number of flights
into a city, there may be refueling,
There are three major types of Flight: additional passengers boarding,
catering, and cleaning the aircraft.

Connecting Flight Nonstop Flight

Flights which require Once they're on the flight, there's no
passengers to leave the stopping the passengers. The plane
plane and board a different takes off and when it lands, the
aircraft in order to reach passengers are at their destination.
their final destination.
CLASSIFICATION OF AIRLINES
Not all airlines are created equal. As in most businesses, there is a sort of stratification of airlines
in many countries, the government owns the airlines. An airline's rank is determined by the
amount of revenue it generates. There are three category in airlines:

Major Airlines

An airline that generates more than Php 65 billion in revenue annually.

Typically, major airlines are also the largest employers among the airlines.

National Airlines

These airlines might serve certain regions of the country, but may also provide
long-distance routes and some international destinations. Because they are
smaller airlines, you can expect them to have a smaller number of employees.
Regional Airlines

These airlines service particular regions of a country, filling the niche markets
that the major and national airlines may overlook. This is the fastest growing
segment of the airline industry and it can be divided into three subgroups.

Large Regionals Small Regionals

These are scheduled carriers with Php 1.3 These airlines don't have a set
billion to Php 6 billion in annual revenue . revenue definition, but usually
They operate aircraft that can accommodate referred to us 'commuter airlines'.
more than 60 passengers. They use small aircraft with less
than 61 seats.
Medium Regionals
These airlines operate on a smaller scale,
with operating revenues of under Php 1.3
billion, and often use only small aircrafts.
 AIRLINES BUSINESS
MODEL
The emerging forms of business models in the airline
industry are presented in tems of how the carrier
generates revenue, its product offering, value-added
services, revenue sources, and target customers. There
are three main sets of airline business models: Full-Service
Carriers (FSC), Low-Cost Carriers (LCC), and Charter
Carriers (CC).
1. Full-Service Carriers (FSC)
Defined as an airline company developed from the former state-owned
flag carrier, through the market deregulation process, into an airline
company with the following elements describing its business model:

Core business: Passenger, Cargo, Maintenance

Hub-and-spoke network: This has its major objective the full coverage of as many
demand categories as possible (in terms of city-pairs)
through the optimization of connectivity in the hub.

Global player: Domestic, international, and intercontinental

markets are covered with short, medium, and long-
haul flights.

Alliances development:The network is virtually enlarged by interlining

with partner carriers and become part of multi-HS
systems.
Vertical product differentiation: This is affected by in-flight and ground services, electronic
services (internet check-in) and travel rules to cover all
possible market segments.

Customer relationship management (CRM)

Enable carriers to better manage their customers through the introduction of reliable
processes and procedures for interacting with those customers. The final aim of the CRM
is to enhance the passengers’ buying and travelling experience in order to personalize the
carriers’ services.

Yield management and pricing: To support product differentiation, pricing and yield management
is sophisticated, with the aim of maximizing network references.

Multi-channel sales: Distribution system:

FSC covers all these channels: The complexity of the distribution system
a. Indirect off-line (intermediate travel describe above is technically supported by
agencies) external companies called Global Distribution
Systems (GDSs) e.g. Galileo, Amadeus,
b. Indirect on-line (web intermediate Worldspan, Sabre.
electronic-agents)
2. Low-Cost Carriers (LCC)
Defined as an airline company designed to have a compefifive
advantage in terms of costs over an FSC. In order to achieve this advantage,
an LCC relies on a simplified business model (compared with the FSC).

Core business: This is passenger air-service despite the ancillary offers

are increasing.

The network is developed from one or a few

Point-to-point network:
airports, called 'bases', from which the carier starts operating routes
to the main destinations. No connections are provided at the airport bases,
which function as aircraft logistics and maintenance bases.

Secondary airports:Small airports will strive to gain the LCC' operation and
the usual way is to reduce airport charges. Similarly, air transport
activity generates welfare that is a multiple of the airports' activities,
inducing regional economic and social development.
Single aircraft fleet: Minimized sales/reservation costs:
In general, the LCC operates with one type of
All tickets are electronic and the distribution
aircraft. such as the Boeing 737 series with a
system is implemented via the Internet or
configuration of seats. The fleet composition
telephone sales center (only direct channels).
also depends on the fact that the operate on
The LCC does not intermediate the sale with
only short- or medium-haul routes.
travel agent and nor does it outsource the
Aircraft utilization: distribution to GDS companies.
The aircraft is in the air, on average, more hours
a day compared with FSCs that have to respect the
connectivity Ancillary services:
schedule. Typical examples are commissions from
hotels and car
No frills service:
The product is not differentiated as they do not offer rental companies, credit Card fees,
lounge services at airports, choice of seats, and in- (excess) luggage charges, in-flight food
fight service and beverages, advertising space. The
and they do not have a frequent flyer program. Fare potential growth of this revenue comes
restrictions are removed so that the tickets are not from telephone operations and gambling
refunded able and there is no possibility to rebook waleon board.
with other airlines.
IMPLICATIONS
TO AIRPORTS
Distinctive role
between large
and small
airports
Larger airports take up the role of being the major
hub, where airlines gather their traffic brought in by
smaller secondary airports. Smaller airports only
served a small amount of large hubs where travelers
are transferred to other routes. This system tidies up
the routing system as airlines were no longer forced
to operate less popular routes by government
restrictions in condition to their more profitable
operations, only essential air services were
maintained.
Risen
importance of
large city hubs
Airports that were chosen by airlines to act as their large hub are
normally those that serve larger cities or have easy access to the
central business districts of a main city in that country.

Due to the larger travelling demand the size of these airports are
usually larger and can handle more capacity at once. This had
favored airlines to use the hub facilities as their major transiting
point. As a result of this system, many airports in major cities had
expanded their airport to attract airlines to use their facilities and
bring more traffic.

Gradually, as traffic increases rapidly into these larger hub:

the need of an efficient and effective airport management
scheme was necessary.
Decreased
services at
smaller
airports
The decrease in service of smaller airports by full service airlines
were
one of the major disadvantages as a result of the deregulation, as
airlines no longer needed to serve these routes, they appeared non-
profitable to their yield factor.

Smaller airports were potentially left idle and had only essential
services running by. As a result of that, this encouraged the
entrance of low cost carriers-LCC as they were favored by low
airport fees discounted accommodation and car rental package
offers and ever commission from the local tourism board to operate
at their airport.
Domino
effects in
delays
As the result of large capacity at large hubs in the
hub-and-spoke
system, the on carriage of passengers are easily
affected by a small delay
on any one end.

Small delays accumulated over the course of a day

can create a domino effect, affecting the entire flight
schedule. These delays can have a
significant impact on long flights or transoceanic
flights, where flight times are already long enough.
 Implications on Airport
Systems and Architecture

The landside area Existing airports If the airport is aligned to

generally needs to be however will most a High Speed Train
flexible for changing. probably Network, the catchment
This implies that have problems to area can be extended
terminals wil be expand the airside and
exoanded or if possible areas due to scarce land the number of travelers
newly build. Airport resources and possibly will most likely increase.
planners are forced to environmental concerns This can even have the
ensure short distances resulting from negative effect that short haul
between gates for externalities as noise flight connections to the
transfer passengers. and pollution. hub might be replaced by
train services.
 The formation of airline alliances
Implications to The hub-and-spokes system has encouraged the

Airlines development of many airline strategies such as the

flexiblity in rearranging airline routings and
schedules where an airline's network in
Freedom in routings for comprehensive enough in their dominating area.
profit Where this is often financially impossible for many
The routing strategy of being able to
airlines, the next best option is to form airline
gather passengers in a hub facility from
alliances.
outlying spokes, allowed airlines to serve
more markets with their existing resources-
i.e. crew and fleet. Star Alliances
Airlines could exit out routes that did not The Star Alliance network was established in 1997
bring in profit, concentrate on routes for as the first truly global airline alliance to offer
major hubs that were more profitable and Worldwide reach, recognition and seamless
make strategic connections at the hub, so service to the international traveler. Star Alliance
there were increased possible route
network currently offers more than 19,000 daily
combinations with the same amount of
flights to more than 1,350 airports in 195
resources.
countries.
 Airline Criteria For
Planning New Routes
Demand Forecasting
Before starting a new route, airlines want to know how many passengers will travel
on their flight. Most airlines use aviation market intelligence tools to parse and
analyze all available data. By knowing the average traffic flow per day, airlines will
determine which type of aircraft is most suitable for the route.

Connectivity At The Hub

Most airlines have one or more hubs where they operate flights. The job of the
Network Planníng team at an airline is to ensure that most passenger will be able
to go to the destination of their choice in the airline's route network.

Airlines can predict revenue and profitability on a route depending on different

times of the day. If the flight is scheduled at a time of the day where there are no
possibility of connections to other cities, then the airline might not do as good as a
fight that is timed for inbound and outbound connections.
Aircraft Availability
An airline will have to source an aircraft when deciding to fly fo a
new destination. A major airline with a large leet of aircraft might be able
to find a spare aircraft and assign it to the new route. Not all aircraft can fly on a
particular route. Aircraft limitations are taken into account when aircratf are
assigned to a route.

Matching The Competition

Opening a new route that is already flown by another air carrier is
not unusual since there are thousands of airlines operating in the world. Starting
this new route will be a challenge for an airline. However, flying to a smaller city
with no airline competition might be a better option. Some airlines might have an
advantage over smaller ones.
Types of
Aircrafts
 Jumbo Passenger Jet
Mid Size Passenger
Jet

Light Passenger Jet

Cargo Airplane

Passenger Turbo
Props

Commercial Airplanes
Very Light Jet
Heavy Business Jet

Light Business Jet

Military Jet

Midsize Business Jet

Private Jets
 Private Single Engine

Aerobatic

Amphibious

Twin Turboprops

Military Turboprops

Private Propellor Planes

 CLASSES OF AIRLINE
SERVICE
BUSINESS CLASS FIRST CLASS

ECONOMY PREMIUM
ECONOMY
THANKS
FOR
Group 2 Members
Justin Kenneth Meynard
Ivy Marie Hannah Marie
Jay ann Kristie Mae

WATCHING
Jeric Xavier
Neil Shaina

Airlines presented by Group 2