Micro Perspective 2

Airports
 An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial
air transport. Airports usually consist of a landing area, which comprises an
aerially accessible open space including at least one operationally active
surface such as a runway for a plane to take off and to land or a helipad,
and often includes adjacent utility buildings such as control towers, hangars
and terminals, to maintain and monitor aircraft. Larger airports may have
airport aprons, taxiway bridges, air traffic control centers, passenger
facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services.
 Airport ownership varies from country to country. Sometimes they
are state-owned (often by local authorities), but elsewhere they maybe in
private ownership or else ownership will be split between the public and
private sectors.
 In the Philippines, the major airport is the Ninoy Aquino International
Airport. It is managed by the Manila International Airport Authority (MIAA), a
branch of the Department of Transportation (DOTr).
 It is a complex of runways and buildings for the take off, landing and
maintenance of civil aircraft with facilities for passengers, it is also a
multifaceted transportation hub that handles surface vehicles, freight,
passengers, and airplanes.
Air Navigation and traffic control
services
 Air traffic control (ATC) has the function of guiding aircraft in to and out
of airports, giving pilots (usually in the form of continually updated
automatic recordings) detailed information on ground conditions, wind
speed, cloud conditions, runways in use and the state of navigation aids.
 ATC will instruct pilots on what height and direction to take and be
responsible for all flights within a geographically defined area.
 The technical services that are provided on the ground to assist and
control aircraft while in the air and landing and taking off are not
normally seen as part of the tourism industry, but their role is a key one
in the operation of aviation services.
Airlines
 The services provided by airlines can be divided into three categories:
a. scheduled
b. charter
c. air taxi
 Scheduled Services
 Basically a scheduled airline is known as a Part 121 carrier in legal
terms.
 Scheduled means just that, they're run on specific routes at specific
times,
domestic or international, for which licenses have been granted by the
government.
 the airlines are required to operate on the basis of their published
timetables, regardless of passenger load factors.
Charter Services
 A charter flight is a private flight scheduled to meet the needs of specific
passengers or organizations.
 Charter flights are arranged by request.
 They can be used for a variety of purposes, like flying time-sensitive
cargo, moving passengers, or emergency air transport.
 Typically, the fees for this service are higher than using a traditional
passenger or cargo airline, although it is sometimes possible to
negotiate a discount.
 Charters are available through some large airlines as well as from
private companies that specialize in such flights.
 The aircraft are provided with cabin crew and any supplies, like meals,
requested as part of the charter contract.
Air Taxi Services
 Air taxi companies came about in the early 1960s to fill a gap between
regular commercial aviation, VIP charter flights and aero club offers in
tourist aircraft services.
 These companies wanted to democratize business aviation by offering
private jet hire based on a low-cost model.
 The profitability of air taxis is due to the large number of flight hours,
between 400 and 600 hours, per month.
 As one of the smaller jets, an air taxi is the most cost-effective option for
getting around quickly and cheaply over short distances. They are
economical and fast, making them perfectly suited for business trips.
 Air taxis are privately chartered aircraft accommodating between 4 to
18 passengers, used particularly by business travelers.
Local Airlines in the Philippines
 AirAsia – which is formerly known as Zest Airways, Inc. (AirAsia Zest), is
a low-cost airline which is the Philippine affiliate of AirAsia, a low-cost
airline service that is based in Malaysia. The airline started as a joint
venture between 3 Filipino investors and AirAsia Investments Ltd., a
subsidiary of AiAsia Berhad.

 Cebu Pacific – Cebu Air, Inc., operating as Cebu Pacific is a Philippine

low-cost airline that offers schedules flights to both domestic and
international destinations. The airline is a subsidiary of JG Summit
Holdings. Cebu Pacific is currently headed by Lance Gokongwei,
presumptive heir of John Gokongwei, Chairman Emeritus of JG Summit.
Local Airlines in the Philippines
 Philippine Airlines – PAL is the national flag carrier for the Philippine
airline industry which was founded in 1941 and is the first and oldest
commercial airline in Asia operating under its original name. Philippine
Airlines serves 31 destinations in the Philippines and 41 overseas
destinations in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Middle East, Oceania, North
America and Europe.

 Sky Jet Airlines – Magnum Air (SkyJef), Inc., operating as SkyJet Airlines,
is Manila’s first boutique airline in the Philippines that launched the
Manila-Basco route for its initial operation. The airline started regular
commercial flights on December 14, 2012.
Air Transport Regulation
 With the development and growth of the airline industry, regulation on
both national and international scales soon become necessary.
 First , airlines had to be licensed and supervised to ensure passengers
safety.
 Second, regulations are needed to control noise and pollution.
 CAAP – The Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, is the national
aviation authority of the Philippines and is responsible for implementing
policies on civil aviation to assure safe, economic and efficient air travel.
The Role of the IATA (International Air
Transport Association)
 Effective control over air fares on International routes.
 A trade body with more than 240 airline members representing 94% of
all leading airlines.
 The aim of this organization have been to promote safe, regular and
economic air transport.
 To provide the means for collaboration between the air carriers
themselves and cooperate with governments, the ICAO (International
Civil Aviation Organization), and other international bodies for the
promotion of safety and effective communications.
Water Transportation
Water Transportation
 Transport by water, on the other hand, can be enjoyable in its own right
and for many it will be the dominant element in the holiday.
 When cruising for example, the intention is not necessarily to arrive at a
particular destination, but to enjoy getting there.
 Traveling by water is inherently relaxing and cruising requires the luxury
of free time.
 Water transportation described as the movement of people and freight
by boat, ship, barge or sailboat across ocean, sea, lake, canal, or river,
or through other modes of water transportation. It is a vital method of
transportation.
 Water transport also has a very low operating cost. It has the greatest
load capacity and is thus best suited to transporting huge quantities of
heavy items across long distances. It has been instrumental in bringing
the world’s many regions closer together and is essential to
international commerce.
Cruising
 The action of sailing about in an area without a precise destination,
especially for pleasure.

 The activity of going on a trip on a large ship for pleasure, during which
you visit several places.

 Typically refers to the act of leisurely travelling by boat or ship for

pleasure or vacation purposes, typically in recreational or luxurious
vessels. It involves sailing or navigation through various routes or
destinations, often in coastal waters or along rivers, while providing
amenities and entertainment options on board to enhance the overall
experience for passengers.

 Cruising can vary in duration, from a few days to several weeks, and may
involve visiting multiple ports of call or simply enjoying the journey of sea.
The Economics of Cruising
 The present variations in the size of cruising vessels is a natural
development, arising from the competition that emerged during the late
1980s as cruising once again became a popular form of travel.
 The losers in this competitive market were the higher-cost companies,
particularly the US-owned ones.
 High labor costs and expenses incidental to flagging vessels in the
developed countries led to the demise of a number of carriers.
 Shipping companies have recognized the difficulty of appealing to varied
markets and varied nationalities on the same vessel, however appealing
this might be economically.
Budget Cruising
 While cruises are sold as package holidays and tour operators there have also
played a part as intermediaries in bringing the product to the notice of the
travelling public, some tour operators around the world were in general slower
to move into the cruise market.
 Some early attempts were made during the 1970s, when operators, started to
charter or part-charter cruise ships that they incorporated into their program
of inclusive tours, but efforts to bring down the overall prices of cruising led to
dissatisfaction with standards of service and operation.
 Carousel, with low lead-in prices and, for the first time, cruises were marketed
as just another package holiday, with all meals and entertainment thrown in.
 The entrance of these tour operators into the mass market cruise business
changed the face of cruising. Not only did the average age of cruise
passengers come down but also a whole new market was introduced to
cruising.
 Some major budget cruise company claimed that because of affordable
cruises, there was an increase in numbers of first-time cruisers.
Ferry Services
 A ferry is a boat that transports passengers and sometimes also
vehicles, usually across rivers or short stretches of sea.
 A ferry is a watercraft that carries passengers, and sometimes vehicles
and cargo, across a body of water.
 The term “ferry” is one that embraces a variety of forms of short-
distance water-borne transport. This includes urban transport in cities
where people travel from the city center to outlying suburbs and
surrounding towns by water.
 Ferries of this type also attracts tourists, who use it as either a
convenient form of local transport or an original way to view the city.
Railways
The role of the Railways in Tourism
 When one considers the important role played by the railways in their
100 years of existence up to that point, at a time when rail transport
was the principal means by which people took their annual holidays,
travelling either to the coasts of their own country.

 Rail travel cannot be dismissed as no longer important to tourism.

Improvements in rail services within the Philippines are gradually
enabling the railways to win back tourists from air from other surface
transport, aided by growing road congestion and crowded airports.
History of Train
 Spanish Regime – Horse Drawn Streetcars and Steam Powered Trains.
 American Regime – Electricity-Powered Tranvia, by March 24, 1903, a 50-year
franchise was awarded to the Manila Electric Railway and Light Company
(known as MERALCO), a New Jersey Company, to overtake the whole railway
system running around Manila – taking over the properties of La Compaña de las
Tranvias de Filipinas. Meralco continued the tranvia system but already stopped
its expansion. Just like in other cities in many countries, the emergence of
automobiles led to the decline of railways.
 Japanese Regime – in the battle of Manila in 1945, the system was totally
destroyed.
 The Philippine Republic – during the rebuilt of the city, necessity and
resourcefulness did not call for the tranvias and railways, which were put out of
business. Meralco concentrated on providing electricity to the city. Further
deterioration in railway tracks and stations led to these circumstances.
Advancements in motorization also played a major role in the limited used in
railways. The lots of army jeeps that were available after the war was used in replace of
the horse-drawn streetcars to serve as public transportation system in the large sections
of the Metropolis. That is why many of today’s jeepney routes in Manila, follow the old
Tranvia lines.
History of Train
 It was in 1979, when the decision to build the LRT 1, was actually
realized and pushed through, since the public transport was already
nearing its saturation point and still barely meets the commuter
demand. So in 1981, the LRT 1 line started its construction.
 After 40 years, the tranvia came back as the Metrorail system now
controlled by the Light Rail Transit Authority.
Bus
Bus Types
 Transit bus – a motorized vehicle which is purpose-built for city
transportation. The speed will never reach high levels, as it mean to
accommodate passengers who are standing or seated.
 Motorcoach – a bus type built for intercity or international transportation of
seated passengers over medium and long distances.
 Rigid bus – a bus which has a single, rigid chassis as a foundation. This is the
average bus, one that is not pulled as a trailer by a separate tractor or any
bus with articulated joints.
 Articulated bus – is a bus with two aligned passenger compartments
connected by an articulated joints. Articulated buses are just transit buses
with higher capacity.
 Bus – “a train on the road”, a bus with three aligned compartments
connected by two articulated joints.
 Minibus – a motorized vehicle made for transporting about a dozen
passengers, more or less. It looks something like a cross between the
average bus and a minivan, and it is sometimes equipped with a lift for
wheelchairs.
Bus types
Bus types
Biggest Bus Companies in the
Philippines
 Bachelor Express – operates bus transport services in the eastern and central
part of Mindanao with bases in Butuan City and Davao City.
 Rural Transit of Mindanao – operates bus transport services in the northern and
western part of Mindanao with its main headquarters in Cagayan de Oro.
 Vallacar Transit Inc. – operates in Negros and Panay Islands. The headquarters is
in Bacolod City where the Yanson group corporate headquarters is also located.
 Five Star Bus Company – Pangasinan Five Star Bus Company services routes
provinces in Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Isabela and Cagayan.
 Victory Liner – is one of the largest provincial bus companies operating in the
Philippines. It operates and services routes mainly to the provinces of Central
Luzon which includes Zambales, Pampanga, Bulacan and Northern Luzon which
includes places in CAR, Pangasinan, Nueva Vizcaya, Isabela and Cagayan.
Reference
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport

 https://
elfhs.ssru.ac.th/anantachai_ae/pluginfile.php/36/mod_page/content/21/5%20
Types%20of%20Airlines.pdf

 https://aeroaffaires.com/air-taxi/#:~:text=An%20air%20taxi%20is%20a,tran
sport%20passengers%20to%20their%20destinations
.

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_the_Philippines#:~:text=Ther
e%20are%20two%20main%20domestic,competing%20on%20some%20inter
national%20routes
.

 https://navata.com/cms/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-water-transportati
on/#:~:text=Water%20transportation%20described%20as%20the,a%20vital
%20method%20of%20transportation
Reference
 https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/cruising

 https://www.cruisedialysis.co.uk/history-of-cruising/

 https://www.statista.com/outlook/mmo/travel-tourism/cruises/philippines

 https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidnikel/2024/01/07/budget-cruising-7-w
ays-to-save-money-on-cruise-vacations/?
sh=73e2487e3dec
Reference
 https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ferry-service

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry

 https://intrans.iastate.edu/news/trains-a-history/

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train#:~:text=Early%20history,-
Stockton%20and%20Darlington&text=Starting%20in%20the%201500s%2C%20wagonw
ays,the%20first%20ever%20steam%20train
.

 https://
www.facebook.com/PhilippineBuses/posts/ten-biggest-bus-companies-in-the-philippines
by-raden-october-13-2017with-more-th/104289354312135
/