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Chapter 5

The document provides an overview of statistics, focusing on frequency distributions, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), and measures of position (quartiles, percentiles, deciles). It distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics and explains how to construct and interpret frequency distributions and graphical representations like histograms and frequency polygons. Additionally, it includes formulas and examples for calculating various statistical measures for both ungrouped and grouped data.

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Christian Mamaed
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12 views50 pages

Chapter 5

The document provides an overview of statistics, focusing on frequency distributions, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), and measures of position (quartiles, percentiles, deciles). It distinguishes between descriptive and inferential statistics and explains how to construct and interpret frequency distributions and graphical representations like histograms and frequency polygons. Additionally, it includes formulas and examples for calculating various statistical measures for both ungrouped and grouped data.

Uploaded by

Christian Mamaed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistics

MOTIVATION:

If at first you don’t succeed, try two


more times so that your failure is
statistically significant.

THINK PAIR SHARE


LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Understand Frequency Distributions: Construct and interpret


frequency distributions, histograms, and frequency polygons to
organize and summarize data.

Master Measure of Central Tendency: Calculate and


interpret mean, median, and mode to describe the
central point of a dataset.
Apply Measure of Position: Compute and explain
quartiles, percentiles and deciles to determine the
relative standing of data within a distribution.
WHAT IS STATISTICS ?

is a branch of statistics of science, which deals with


collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of
quantitative data.
BRANCHES OF STATISTICS

Descriptive Statistics
 is a method concerned with collecting, describing, and analyzing
a set of data without drawing conclusions (or inferences) about a
large group.

Inferential Statistics
is a branch of statistics, concerned with the analysis of a subset
of data leading to predictions or inferences about the entire set of
data.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Class limits
is the goupings or categories definned by
the lower and upper limits.

Class size
is the groupings or categories defined
by the lower and upper limits.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Class Boundaries
are the number use to separate each category in the
frequency distribution but without gaps created by the
class limits.

Class Mark
are the midpoint of the lower and upper
class.

Formul
a:
STEPS INCONSTRUCTING FREQUENCY

A.) Compute the value of the range (R) and then determine the
class size (C.I)
B.) Set up the class limits of each class or category.

C.) Set up the class bounderies if needed. Use the


formula:
D.) Tally the scores in the appropriate classes.

E.) Find the other parts if necessary such us class mark,


among others.
EXAMPLE:
GRAPHICAL RERESENTATION OF SCORES IN
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Histogram: consist of a set of rectangles


having bases on the horizontal axis which
centers at the class marks.

Frequency Polygon: constructed by


plotting the class marks again against the
class frequencies.
HISTOGRAM
EXAMPLE:
Frequency
Polygon
DESCRIBING GROUP PERFORMANCE
Two Major Concepts in Describing the Assessed Performance of
the Group:

• Measure of Central
Tendency
are used to determine the average score of a
group of scores

• Measure of Variability

indicate the spread of scores in the group


MEASURES OF
CENTRAL
TENDENCY
INSPIRED BY
Measures of Central Tendency

MEAN,
MEDIAN AND
MODE OF
UNGRPOUPE
D DATA
Measures of Central Tendency
MEAN
The most commonly used measure of the center of data
and it also referred as the ''arithmetic average''.

a.) Computation of Population Mean

Formula: µ= ∑X/N

Where, ∑X is the summation of data in X and, N is


the count of data in X.
Measures of Central Tendency
MEAN
B.) Computation of Sample Mean

Formula: x̄ = (Σ xi) / n

Here, x̄ represents the sample mean, Σ tells us to


add, x refers to all the X- values and n stands for
the number of items in the data set.
Measures of Central Tendency
MEAN
C.) Computation of the Mean for Ungrouped data.

Formula:

Where, x - sample mean, x - sample data point


and n - number of observations.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
Mean for Ungrouped

Example: Ten students got the


following grade in
Mathematics 10: 83, 70, 95,
90, 88, 96, 90, 90, 75 and 85
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
Mean for Ungrouped

WEIGHTED MEAN
Formula:

Where,
∑(x.w) - is the sum of the products
formed by multiplying each number by
its assigned weight,
∑w - is the sum of all weights
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
TENDENCY
Median for Ungrouped
MEDIAN
It is the second type of measure of
central tendency.

If N is odd number,

If N is even number
EXAMPLE:
1. There are nine students
in a classroom, with ages
18, 19, 21, 21, 18, 20,
21, 22, and 23.
2.
Ten students got the
following grade in
mathematics 10: 83, 70,
95, 90, 88, 96, 90, 90, 75,
and 85.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
Mode for Ungrouped
TENDENCY
Mode:
The third measure of central tendence.

Unimodal - consist of only one mode.


Bimodal - consist two modes.

Trimodal - consist of three modes.

Multimodal - consist of more than two


modes.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
Mode for Ungrouped
TENDENCY
Example 1: Ten students got the
following grade in Science 10: 85,
90, 88, 90, 75, 95, 90, 88, 78, 70.

Example 2: 17, 18, 18, 19,


21, 21, 22, 23.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
Mode for Ungrouped
TENDENCY
1. Example:
Ten students got the following
grade in mathematics 10: 83, 70,
95, 90, 88, 96, 90, 90, 75, and 85.

x = 90 - in the given data, the number


appeared the most number of times is 90.
The data set said to be UNIMODAL.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
Mode for Ungrouped
TENDENCY
2. Example:

17, 18, 18, 19, 21, 21, 22, 23.

-Thus, the data set has two modes: 18 and 21.


The data is said to be BIMODAL.
Measure of Central Tendency

MEAN,
MEDIAN,
AND MODE
OF
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
Mean TENDENCY
for Grouped Data

Grouped data are the data and scores that are


arrange in the frequency distribution.

Frequency distribution is the arrangement of scores


according to category of classes including the frequency

Frequency is the observations of falling in category

Formula used in solving mean for grouped data is called ''midpoint


method''.
Formula:

F=
CM =
∑f . CM =
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
MedianTENDENCY
for Grouped Data

Formula:

where,
MEASURES OF CENTRAL
ModeTENDENCY
for Grouped Data

Formula:

where,
Measure of
Position
Measures of
Position
It is a number that tells where the scores stands
relative to the others in a set of data.

It is a measure whether is about the average, or


whether its unusually high or low.

It is used for quantitative data that falls on some


numerical scale.
It can be applied to ordinal variables.
QUANTILES FOR
UNGROUPED
DATA
Measures of Position
Quantiles
Quantiles - A score distribution where the

scores are divided into different equal parts.


Three Kinds of
Quantiles
• Quartile
Measures of Position
Quartiles of Ungrouped
Data divide a
The quartiles are the score points which
distribution into four equal parts.

Interquartile Range The difference between Q3 and


Q1.
Measures of Position
Quartiles of Ungrouped
1 Example: Data

The owner of a coffee shop


recorded the number of
costumers who came into his cafe
each hour a day. The results were
14, 10, 12, 9, 17, 5, 8, 9, 14, 10,
and 11. Find the lower quartile
Measures of Position
Decile of Ungrouped Data
The Decile are the score points which
divide a distribution into ten equal parts.
Measures of Position
Percentile of Ungrouped Data
The Percentile are the score points which divide a
distribution into one hundred equal parts.
Percentile Rank
The percentile corresponding to a given value x is
computed by using this formula.

Percentile rank of x =

Example 1.
Fine the percentile rank of a test score of 38 in the
data set, 42, 33, 38, 30, 27, 40, and 49.
Quartiles, Deciles and
Percentiles of Grouped Data
Formula: i = 4 (quartiles)
i = 10 (deciles)
L = Lower boundary i = 100 (percentiles)
n = Total number of observations
cw = class width
cf = cumulative frequency of the
preceeding class
Measure of Position

QUANTILES FOR
GROUPED DATA
Quartiles, Deciles and Percentiles of
Grouped Data
WELL DONE

Thank You!

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