INDUSTRY 5.

0
Unit - III
 CYBER PHYSICAL SYSTEMS
 A Cyber Physical System (CPS) is a system that
integrates physical and cyber technologies.
 (CPS) are collections of physical and computer

components that are integrated with each other

to operate a process safely and efficiently.
 CPSs are controlled by computer-based
algorithms and are tightly integrated with the
internet and its users.
 In general Cyber means computation,
communication, and control that are discrete
and logical. Physical means natural and human-
made systems governed by the laws of physics
and operating in continuous time. Computing
and communication systems bridges with the
physical world are referred to as Cyber Physical
Systems.
 Examples of CPS include medical devices and
systems, aerospace systems, transportation
vehicles and intelligent highways, defense
system, robotics system, process control,
factory automation, building and
environmental control and smart spaces.
 CPS must interacts with the real world with

proper security, safely and efficiently.

GENERAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
CYBER PHYSICAL SYSTEM
 KEY CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPONENTS
OF CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS
 Integration of Computing and Physical Processes
 Sensors and Actuators
 Real-time Operation
 Communication Networks
 Data Processing and Analytics
 Feedback Loops
 Security and Privacy
 COMPONENTS OF CYBER-PHYSICAL
SYSTEM
 Sensors and Actuators:
 Sensors: These devices collect data from the
physical environment, converting physical
parameters (like temperature, pressure, or
motion) into digital signals.
 Actuators: They are responsible for effecting
changes in the physical world based on the
decisions made by the system. Examples include
motors, pumps, and valves.
 Embedded Systems:
CPS often relies on embedded systems, which
are specialized computing devices integrated
into the physical components. These systems
run dedicated software and control various
aspects of the physical processes.
 Communication Networks:
CPS components are connected through
communication networks that facilitate the
exchange of information between different
elements of the system. This can include wired or
wireless communication protocols.
 Computing Systems:

These systems include the computational

resources like microprocessors, controllers, and
other computing devices that process data, run
algorithms, and make decisions based on the
information received from sensors.
 Control Systems:

CPS often incorporates control systems that

regulate and manage the behavior of physical
processes. These systems use feedback from
sensors to adjust the operation of actuators and
maintain desired conditions.
 Middleware:
Middleware provides the infrastructure that
enables communication and integration between
different components of the CPS. It ensures that
data can flow seamlessly between sensors,
actuators, and computing systems.
 Data Storage:

CPS generates and relies on a significant amount

of data. Storage systems are necessary to store
and retrieve this data efficiently, supporting
historical analysis and decision-making processes.
 User Interfaces:

Interfaces allow human operators or other

systems to interact with the CPS. These can be
graphical interfaces for monitoring and control or
application programming interfaces (APIs) for
system integration.
 Security Mechanisms:
Given the increasing connectivity and potential
vulnerabilities, security is a critical component.
CPS includes mechanisms for securing
communication, protecting data integrity, and
ensuring the overall system's resilience against
cyber threats.
 Human-in-the-Loop Systems:

Some CPS designs involve human operators

who play a role in decision-making or
monitoring. Interfaces and systems that
facilitate human interaction are part of such
CPS configurations.
 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF CPS
 Intelligence, Adaptive and Robustness
 Network – Communication, Cooperation and

Cloud solutions
 Functionality

 User friendly.
 ARCHITECTURE OF CPS
 The architecture of cyber-physical systems should
be universal and/or an integration of models.
 Such models are

 Ambient intelligence: The embedded system is

sensitive and responsive to the physical systems.

In the cyber-physical environment, the physical
devices, sensors, and actuators work together
with humans (man to machine and vice versa)
using communication protocol.
 Semantic control laws: Control law should

work as occurrence– state–exploit-type law, and it

practices the core of CPS control unit.
 Networking techniques: Wired/wireless
networks with secured connection to protect
system from cyber-attacks
 Event driven: The data from the sensors are
recorded as events and actions are carried out by
actuators. The data are the abstraction of physical
device collected by the CPS units
 Quantified confidence: The data from the
sensors of physical device hold the raw data for
processing.
 Confidence: The data/information should be
confidential and protected from cyber-attacks.
 Digital signature and authentication code:

The data/information from the CPS should be

authenticated by the publisher.
 Criticalness: This specifies the critical
perseverance of each event/ information from the
sensor data from physical device.
 STRATEGIES AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR
SECURING CYBER PHYSICAL SYSTEMS
 Securing cyber-physical systems (CPS) is crucial to
prevent unauthorized access, manipulation, and
potential disruptions. CPS integrate physical
processes with digital technologies, making them
vulnerable to cyber threats. Here are strategies and
technologies to enhance the security of cyber-
physical systems:
 Risk Assessment and Management:
 Perform comprehensive risk assessments to identify
potential vulnerabilities and threats.
 Implement risk management strategies to prioritize and
address the most critical risks.
 Network Segmentation
 Divide the CPS into isolated zones or segments to limit the
potential impact of a cyber attack.
 Implement firewalls and access controls to regulate
communication between different segments.
 Authentication and Access Control:
 Enforce strong authentication mechanisms for both human
users and devices.
 Implement role-based access controls to restrict access
based on user roles and responsibilities.
 Encryption:
 Use strong encryption protocols to protect data in transit
and at rest within the CPS.
 Apply end-to-end encryption to secure communication
 Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems
(IDPS):
 Deploy IDPS to monitor network traffic and detect suspicious
activities or anomalies.
 Implement automated responses to identified threats to
quickly mitigate potential risks.
 Update and Patch Management:
 Regularly update and patch both hardware and software
components to address known vulnerabilities.
 Implement a robust change management process to ensure
updates do not introduce new risks.
 Physical Security Measures:
 Implement physical access controls to protect critical
components of the CPS.
 Secure communication lines, power sources, and other
physical infrastructure.
 Security Monitoring and Incident Response:
 Establish continuous monitoring of the CPS for security events
and anomalies.
 Develop a well-defined incident response plan to address and
 Vendor Security Assurance:
 Evaluate and ensure the security practices of third-
party vendors providing components or services for
the CPS.
 Regularly assess and audit vendor security measures.
 Training and Awareness:
 Provide ongoing training for personnel to enhance
their awareness of cybersecurity risks and best
practices.
 Conduct simulated exercises and drills to prepare for
potential cyber incidents
 Secure Software Development Practices:
 Adhere to secure coding practices when developing software
for the CPS.
 Conduct regular security code reviews and assessments.
 Regulatory Compliance:
 Stay informed about relevant cybersecurity regulations and
standards.
 Ensure compliance with industry-specific regulations and
 Block chain Technology:
 Consider the use of block chain for securing data
integrity and transactions in CPS.
 Block chain can enhance transparency, traceability, and
resistance to tampering.
 AI and Machine Learning for Anomaly
Detection:
 Utilizeartificial intelligence and machine learning
algorithms to identify abnormal patterns and potential
security threats.
 Implement adaptive security measures based on real-
time threat intelligence.

Implementing a holistic approach that combines these

strategies and technologies can significantly enhance the
security posture of cyber-physical systems. Regular
testing, updates, and collaboration with the cyber security
community are essential to stay ahead of evolving threats.