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Lec 2 Networks

The document explains the concept of the Internet as a global system of interconnected networks that revolutionizes communication and information access. It details the hierarchy of Internet Service Providers (ISPs), including national, regional, and local providers, and discusses the importance of protocols in data communication, emphasizing key elements like syntax, semantics, and timing. Additionally, it outlines the significance of standards in ensuring interoperability and competitiveness in telecommunications.

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9 views10 pages

Lec 2 Networks

The document explains the concept of the Internet as a global system of interconnected networks that revolutionizes communication and information access. It details the hierarchy of Internet Service Providers (ISPs), including national, regional, and local providers, and discusses the importance of protocols in data communication, emphasizing key elements like syntax, semantics, and timing. Additionally, it outlines the significance of standards in ensuring interoperability and competitiveness in telecommunications.

Uploaded by

rastibatool7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

INTERNET,

PROTOCOLS AND
STANDARDS
1-3 THE INTERNET

A network is a group of connected communicating


devices such as computers and printers. An internet (note
the lowercase letter i) is two or more networks that can
communicate with each other. The most notable internet
is called the Internet (uppercase letter I), a collaboration
of more than hundreds of thousands of interconnected
network.The Internet has revolutionized many aspects of
our daily lives. It has affected the way we do business as
well as the way we spend our leisure time. The Internet is
a communication system that has brought a wealth of
information to our fingertips and organized it for our use.
1.2
Internet:
• The internet, sometimes simply called the net, is a
worldwide system of interconnected computer networks
and electronic devices that communicate with each
other using an established set of protocols. The internet
was conceived by the Advanced Research Projects
Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969.
National Internet Service Providers:
The national Internet service providers are backbone
networks created and maintained by specialized
companies.
• . To provide connectivity between the end users, these backbone
networks are connected by complex switching stations (normally run
by a third party) called network access points (NAPs).Some national
ISP networks are also connected to one another by private switching
stations called peering points.
• Regional Internet Service Providers: Regional internet service
providers or regional ISPs are smaller ISPs that are connected to one
or more national ISPs.
• Local Internet Service Providers Local Internet service providers
provide direct service to the end users. The local ISPs can be
connected to regional ISPs or directly to national ISPs.
Internet service provider
• most end users who want Internet connection use the services of
Internet service providers (lSPs).
Figure 1.13 Hierarchical organization of the Internet

1.6
1-4 PROTOCOLS

In computer networks, communication occurs between


entities in different systems. An entity is anything capable of
sending or receiving information. A protocol is synonymous
with rule. It consists of a set of rules that govern data
communications. It determines what is communicated, how
it is communicated and when it is communicated. The key
elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics and timing.
Topics discussed in this section:
 Syntax
 Semantics
 Timing

1.7
Elements of a Protocol
 Syntax
 The term syntax refers to the structure or format of the data, meaning the order in which
they are presented.
 Structure or format of the data
 Indicates how to read the bits
 For example, a simple protocol might expect the first 8 bits of data to be the address of the
sender, the second 8 bits to be the address of the receiver, and the rest of the stream to be
the message itself.
 Semantics:The word semantics refers to the meaning of each section of bits
 Interprets the meaning of the bits
 Knows which fields define what action
 For example, does an address identify the route to be taken or the final destination of the
message?
 Timing :The term timing refers to two characteristics
 When data should be sent and what
 Speed at which data should be sent or speed at which it is being received.
 For example, if a sender produces data at 100 Mbps but the receiver can process data at only 1 Mbps,
the transmission will overload the receiver and some data will be lost.

1.8
1-5 STANDARDS

Standards are essential in creating and maintaining an open and


competitive market for equipment manufacturers and in
guaranteeing national and international interoperability of data
and telecommunications technology and processes.

Topics discussed in this section:


 De facto
 De jure

1.9
Categories of standards of Data Communication
 De facto standards
 Standards that have not been approved by an organized body but have
been adopted as standards through widespread use
 For example, a simple protocol might expect the first 8 bits of data to
be the address of the sender, the second 8 bits to be the address of the
receiver, and the rest of the stream to be the message itself.
 De jure standards
 The standards that have been legislated by an officially recognized body
 For example, does an address identify the route to be taken or the
final destination of the message?

1.10

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