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1 Bio Introduction

The document provides an introduction to biology, focusing on life processes at cellular and molecular levels, the importance of cells, and the principles of evolution. It covers fundamental concepts such as the cell theory, metabolism, reproduction, and the classification of living organisms. Additionally, it discusses the Darwinian theory of natural selection and the levels of biological organization.

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9 views49 pages

1 Bio Introduction

The document provides an introduction to biology, focusing on life processes at cellular and molecular levels, the importance of cells, and the principles of evolution. It covers fundamental concepts such as the cell theory, metabolism, reproduction, and the classification of living organisms. Additionally, it discusses the Darwinian theory of natural selection and the levels of biological organization.

Uploaded by

breezespring425
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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in

Life Science Q2
An Introduction
to Biology

Catherine Genevieve Barretto-Lagunzad2


Objectives:
1. To demonstrate understanding of life
processes at the cellular and molecular
levels
2. To understand the living world and the ways
its many species (including humans)
function, evolve, and interact.
3. To appreciate the importance of cells in our
body’s function.
BIOLOGY

• Bios means life


• Logos means
discourse
• the science
that deals with
the study of life
■Biology: The study of LIFE

■Biologists ask questions such as


■How did life begin?
■How does a single cell develop into an organism?
■How do living things adapt to their changing
environment?

■Life defies a simple, one-sentence definition.


■Life is recognized by what they are made of and
by what they can do
Order
Evolutionary adaptation
Self-perpetuation

ADAPTATION
■The ability of a population of
organisms to change in
response to long-term
environmental changes
■Product of evolution
8
Living Things Evolve
■Groups of
organisms (not
individuals) change
over time in order
to survive within
changing
environments.
■Fossil records show
changes in groups 9
Response to the Environment
Organisms Respond to
Stimuli
■Organisms Respond to
stimuli (Temperature, Water,
Food Supplies, etc.) In Order
To Survive & Reproduce

copyright cmassengale 11
Growth and Development
Organisms Grow &
Develop

13
Manifestations of Life
■Structural

■Functional
The Cell Theory

1. All living things are made up of


cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of
structure and function of life
3. All cells come from pre-existing
cells.
Scientists of the Cell Theory

■ROBERT HOOKE (1635-1703) He coined


the term “cell
■ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)
He discovered the bacteria and other
microscopic organisms and studied the
structure of plant and animal tissues.
■R. H. DUTROCHET (1824) He presented
one of the first clear statements of the
idea that all living things are composed
of cells.
16
■ROBERT BROWN (1831) An English
botanist who discovered the presence of
nuclei within cells.
■MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN (1838) and
THEODOR SCHWANN (1839) Botanist and
zoologist who introduced the concept
that all plants and animals are made up
of cells.
■PURKINJE (1839) A Bohemian who
coined the term protoplasm to refer to
the living part of the cell.
■FELIX DUJARDIN (1801-1860) He noted
that all living cells contain the 17
■RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1821-1902) He found
that cells divide to form new cells. He
concluded that cells come from pre-
existing cells.

■LOUIS PASTEUR (1862) A French chemist


who supplied the proof for Virchow's
theory of biogenesis

18
Modern Cell Theory

1. All living things are made up of cells.


2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and
function of life
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
4. All cells are basically the same in chemical
composition.
5. Cells contain hereditary information which
are passed on from cell to cell by division
6. All the energy transformation
(metabolism) of life occurs within the cell.
Manifestations of Life
■Structural
■Cell Theory

■Functional
■Metabolism
■Self-perpetuation
Functional
■Metabolism
■Nutrition
■Respiration
■Biosynthesis
■Self-perpetuation
■Homeostasis
■Reproduction
■Adaptation
Metabolism
■Sum of all the chemical
reactions in an organism
■All require energy
■Sunlight is the ultimate
energy for life on Earth

22
Cells Require Food

1. NUTRITION

■Autotrophic
■Heterotroph
ic

23
Food Requirements
Autotrophs can make
their own food
■Photoautotrophs use
sunlight to make
food
(photosynthesis)
■Chemoautotrophs
use chemicals such
as iron & sulfur as 24
Autotrophic Nutrition
■Photosynthesis

25
Food Requirements
Heterotrophs can NOT make
their own food. They must
consume other organisms
■Herbivores eat plants
■Carnivores eat meat
■Omnivores eat plants &
animals
26
Cells harness ENERGY
from Food

27
Metabolism
2. RESPIRATION
■Mechanical
■Cellular
■Anaerobic
■Aerobic

28
Metabolism
■CELLULAR RESPIRATION
■Aerobic: releasing the chemical
energy stored in foods in the
presence of oxygen

6O2 + C6H12O6 + 6H2O CO2 +


12H O 29
Metabolism

3. BIOSYNTHESIS
■Growth
■Repair
■Development

30
Self-perpetuation

1. HOMEOSTASIS
■Internal equilibrium
■The ability to remain the same
even with short term
environmental changes

31
Homeostasis
■Keeping the
internal
environment
(homeostasis) of
the cell or organism
within the ranges
required for life
■Stable internal
conditions of ph,
temperature, water 32
Self-perpetuation

2. REPRODUCTION
■Sexual
■Asexual

33
Organisms Reproduce to Pass
on their Genetic Traits

34
Two Types of
Reproduction
1. Sexual
Reproducti
on
■ Involves 2
parents
■ Egg fertilized
by sperm to
make a
ZYGOTE
35
■ Offspring
Two Types of
Reproduction
2.Asexual
Reproducti
on
■ Involves a
single
organism or
cell
■ Cell divides
36
EVOLUTION:
Overarching Theme of
Biology
🏵 Evolution is defined simply as change
through time.
🏵 In the biological sense, evolution means
genetic change in populations over many
generations.
🏵 The gradual accumulation of genetic
change that is thought to have given rise,
beginning with common ancestors, to the
diversity of life
Darwinian Theory of Natural Selection

■ OVERPRODUCTION: Taken after Thomas


Malthus’ (1766-1834) Theory of
geometric population growth.
Populations tend to increase
geometrically, whereas resources they
require only increase arithmetically.

■ STRUGGLE FOR LIFE: Because more


individuals are produced than can be
supported by the environment, a
struggle for existence (e.g. competition
Darwinian Theory of Natural Selection

■VARIATION: No two individuals are exactly


alike. Individuals of the same species
differ from each other, and these
variations are the result of genetic
recombination or radical change
(mutation) through time.

■SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST: Some


individuals have adaptive characters that
make them better able to survive the
struggle for existence. The result is the
Darwinian Theory of Natural Selection

■HEREDITY: Individuals with adaptive


characters have higher survival capacity,
hence better chance of reproducing
themselves and passing on to their
offspring the characters that helped them
survive. Furthermore, if the environment
changes, adapted individuals may give
rise to offspring with new characters
suited for the new environment
Prokaryotes
■The simplest cells
are described as
PROKARYOTIC
■These cells DO NOT
have membrane-
bound nucleus and
organelles
■Bacteria and 41
Eukaryotes
■More complex cells
are described as
EUKARYOTIC
■These cells have
membrane-bound
nucleus and
organelles
■Found in plants,
animals, protists & 42
Organisms and Cell
Number

■ Unicellular Organisms
■Living Organism Made Up Of
One Cell
■ Multicellular Organisms
■Living Organism Made Up Of
Many, Specialized Cells
43
Tree
of Life
Three Domains

■Bacteria

■Archaea

■Eukarya
Six Kingdoms

■Archaea
■Bacteria
■Protista
■Plantae
■Fungi
■Animalia
Levels of Organization
MOLECULES

ORGANELLES
CELLS - Life begins
here
TISSUES
ORGANS
ORGANISM

POPULATION

COMMUNITY
ECOSYSTE
M
LANDSCA
PE
ECOREGIO
N
BIOSPHER
E
CONCEPT OF INTEGRATIVE LEVELS:
Emergent Properties

• As components combine to
produce larger functional
wholes, new properties
emerge.

• A more formal statement of


the old adage that “the whole
is more than the sum of its
parts”

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