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UNDERSTANDING
ABOUT THE PREVIOUS
LESSON
 Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
• Prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria) lack a
true nucleus, with their DNA floating freely in
the cytoplasm.

• Eukaryotes- possess a nucleus where the

DNA is enclosed in a double membrane (the
nuclear envelope) and have additional
membrane-bound organelles.
EUKARYOTES
EUKARYOTES
EUKARYOTES
EUKARYOTES (PROTISTS)
 Evolutionary Origins of Eukaryotes
Gene Sequence Comparisons-
Eukaryotic genes show a mixture of
archaeal and bacterial origins, which
suggests a hybrid ancestry. Genes
involved in genetic processes (e.g.,
replication, transcription, and translation)
are archaeal-like, while those related to
metabolism and membrane formation
resemble bacterial genes.
Some eukaryotic organelles are
thought to be descended from
bacteria. Mitochondria and
chloroplasts resemble bacteria
in their structure and genome,
so these organelles probably
evolved through
endosymbiosis.
RECAP
The Basic unit of life

LELC
The Basic unit of life

CELL
It refers to the response or
reaction to a stimulus that
helps the organisms survive
in a specific environment.

TATAAIPODN
It refers to the response or
reaction to a stimulus that
helps the organisms survive
in a specific environment.

ADAPTATION
It involves making the new
cell, this new cell can be
part of the existing
organisms, part of a new
organism, or entirely new
organism.
TPRROEDUIONC
It involves making the new
cell, this new cell can be
part of the existing
organisms, part of a new
organism, or entirely new
organism.
REPRODUCTION
The variety of living
organisms including plants,
animals’ bacteria, and fungi.

IBTSDIOEIVYR
The variety of living
organisms including plants,
animals’ bacteria, and fungi.

BIODIVERSITY
It refers to the increasing
size.

ORTWGH
It refers to the increasing
size.

GROWTH
Living and non-living
things shared almost
same components. How
can we identify living
from non-living?
ZACHARIAS
JANSSEN
He made the
microscope
allowing the
scientists to
explore what they
can’t see with the
 ROBERT
HOOKE
He discovered cells in corks using
a microscope. He described them
as honeycomb-like structure and
created the term cell.
 ANTON VAN
LEUWENHOEK
He discovered cells like Robert
Hooke and bacteria. He named them
animalcules.
ROBERT BROWN

He discovered
nucleus.
 MATHIAS
SCHLEIDEN
Mathias discovered that plants were
made up of cells.
 THEODOR
SCHWANN
Theodor laid the foundation of the
cell theory and discovered that all
animals are made up of cells.
 RUDOLF
VIRCHOW
He found a way to show the
organelles of cells and how cells
come from other cells.
 CELL
THEORY
1. All living organisms are made
up of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of
structure and function in living
organisms.
3. All cells arise from pre-existing
cells.
 UNIFYING
THEME OF LIFE
A. HIGH DEGREE OF
ORGANIZATION
Living organisms are
known to be organized
and follow a
hierarchical level from
the scale of small to
 LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
ATOM- The smallest and the
basic unit of matter
 LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
Simple molecule- Atoms
form a simple molecule in
which the chemical structures
consist of at least two atoms.
 LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
Complex biological
molecule- A large molecule
that is typically formed by
polymerization. There four
types: Carbohydrates,
 LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
Organelles- Tiny cellular
structure within the cell that
performs a specific function.
 LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
Cell- The basic and smallest
unit of Life.
 LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
Tissue- A group of similar
cells.
 LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
Organ- A group of different
tissue that performs a specific
function.
 LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
Organ system- A group of
different organs performing
different functions
 LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
Multicellular Individual- An
organism composed of an
organ system. Animals,
plants, fungi, and human are
multicellular.
LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
Population- A
group of similar
organisms
occupying the
same area. Ex.
LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
Community- A
group of different
population
interacting with
each other. Ex.
 LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
Ecosystem- A group of
communities interacting with
their physical factors.
 LEVELS OF
ORGANIZATION
Biosphere- Refers to all
ecosystems on Earth with the
physical environment.
B. EVOLUTIONARY
ADAPTATION/
EVOLUTION AND
ADAPTATION
Evolution refers to the
changes in living things over
time and explains how
organisms came to exist and
look the way they are. It also
relates the organisms of the
past to the organisms today.
The two interrelated
phenomena involved in
evolution are adaptation
and speciation.
Adaptation refers to the
response or reaction to a
stimulus that helps the
organisms survive in a
specific environment.
A certain group within a
species separates and
develops a unique
characteristic is called
speciation.
 C. REGULATION
AND HEMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis refers to
maintain a stable internal
condition and to adjust
external changes.
Osmoregulation is the process of
maintaining salt and water balance
across the membrane within a body.
A freshwater fish as shown in figure 3
regulates fluid balance; because the
environment is hypotonic (less
concentration) these fish do not drink
much water. Instead, they pass a lot of
very dilute urine, and they achieve
electrolyte balance by active transport
of salts through the gills. This type of
osmoregulation is called
osmoregulatory.
Figure 4 shows a marine fish in which
the environment is hypertonic
(greater salt concentration). These
fish start drinking sea water; they
excrete the excess salts through their
gills and their urine. Marine fish is an
osmoconformer, another type of
osmoregulation.
 D. ENERGY
PROCESSING/
ACQUISITION AND
USE OF ENERGY
All energy comes from the sun. The sun
provides light energy, the light energy is
used by organisms known autotrophs,
they process and manufacture sugar
that serves as their own food.
All energy comes from the sun. The sun
provides light energy, the light energy is
used by organisms known autotrophs,
they process and manufacture sugar
that serves as their own food.
Heterotrophs- In order to obtain
energy, they consume another
organism (Consumers).
E. GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
E. GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
Growth refers to a quantitative
increase in size, mass, or number.
(e.g., increase in height, weight, or
number of cells).
Growth refers to a quantitative
increase in size, mass, or number.
(e.g., increase in height, weight, or
number of cells).
Development- is a qualitative change
involving the improvement of skills,
abilities, or complexity. It is the
progression towards maturity, learning,
or functionality (e.g., emotional
maturity, cognitive skills, or behavioral
changes).
F. RESPONSE TO
STIMULI
A stimuli is any external or
internal change that triggers a
response from an organism. It
can be anything that causes a
reaction in the body's sensory or
nervous systems.
A stimuli is any external or
internal change that triggers a
response from an organism. It
can be anything that causes a
reaction in the body's sensory or
nervous systems.
Plants' response to
environmental stimuli is
known as tropism.
Geotropism (also called
gravitropism) is a plant's
growth response to gravity.
Positive geotropism- stem/
roots growing downward into the
soil (toward the gravitational
pull)
Negative geotropism-
Phototropism is a plant's
growth response to light. Plants
typically grow toward a light
source, which is called positive
phototropism.
F. REPRODUCTION
Reproduction involves making
the new cell, this new cell can be
part of the existing organisms,
part of a new organism, or
entirely new organism.
Sexual reproduction
requires a two-parent
individual, the male, and
female, while asexual
reproduction requires a
single individual only
F. BIODIVERSITY
The variety of living
organisms including
plants, animals’ bacteria,
and fungi are called
biodiversity.
Among million species of plants
and animals in a different
ecosystem, only around 1.2
All living organisms that are alive in the present

million species have been

time have a distinguish traits form the other
organisms in the past.

identified by our scientist, this

means that there are still
unknown, and species remain a
All living organisms that are alive
in the present time have a
distinguish traits form the other
organisms in the past.
An organism that evolved or
arises from another different
species will no longer reproduce
with each other are considered
different species. All organisms
that can reproduce with one
another categorize as one
An organism that evolved or
arises from another different
species will no longer reproduce
with each other are considered
different species. All organisms
that can reproduce with one
another categorize as one
species.
Figure 9 shows
the different
kind of species
but have
similar in look.
These
organisms are
described in a
two-part name.
This is known
as binomial
The first one identifies the
generic epithet or simple genus.
The second part identifies a
subset within the genus known
as the specific epithet or simply
species.
(E) has binomial name of Panthera
leo. Panthera or panthers means
Big cat and Leo is the lion.
(E) has binomial name of Panthera
leo. Panthera or panthers means
Big cat and Leo is the lion.
Life is
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