LIDAR

Md Monwar Jahan Chowdhury (1760813)

Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Dept.
Supervised By:
Dr. Andreas Bablich
Examiner:
Prof. Dr. Mario Agio

www.uni-siegen.de
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Outline:
 Introduction to LIDAR

 History

 Components of LIDAR System

 Types of LIDAR

 Applications

 Advantage V/S Disadvantage

 Conclusion

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 Introduction to LIDAR

 LIDAR-Light Detection & Ranging

 Optical remote sensing technology

 UV, Visible & Infrared lights

 3-d point cloud and surrounding area

 200,000+ Pulses/second

 Everything seen from aircraft is measured

 Long Range, Short Range LIDAR

 2D LIDAR, 3D LIDAR

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Reference: B. Lohani and S. Ghosh, “Airborne LiDAR Technology: A Review of Data Collection and Processing Systems,”
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. A Phys. Sci., vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 567–579, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1007/s40010-017-0435-9.Titel der Präsentation 20/12/2023 4
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 History

 Laser based innovation from 1960

 Laser enabled Time-of-Flight Distance imaging

 First Application: Measure clouds

 Mapping of surface of moon in Apollo 15 mission

 Commercial airborne system 1995

Reference: N. O. and A. A. US Department of Commerce, “What is LIDAR.” Accessed: Dec. 17, 2023. [Online]. Available: 20/12/2023 5
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lidar.html
 Components of LIDAR Systems

Figure: Block Diagram of a LIDAR System

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 Data Characteristics

 Raw return data are XYZ Points

 High Spatial Resolution:

a. Laser footprint on ground ≤ 0.50 m

b. Typical density is 0.5 to 20+ pulses/m2

c. 2 to3 returns/pulse in forest areas

d. Surface/canopy models typically 1 to 5m grid

 Large Volume of Data

a. 5,000 to 60,000+ pulses/hectare

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 Types of LIDAR

 Small Footprint LIDAR (10-90 cm):

a. Topographic: Uses near infrared light to map the area.

b. Bathymetric: User water penetrating to measure sea floor and

river bed elevations.

 Large Footprint LIDAR (10-25 m): Full waveforms but with low
accuracy. Example: LVIS by NASA.

 Ground Based LIDAR: Uses tripod to scan the surrounding area.

 Geiger-mode LIDAR: Experimental state but has high potential due

to extremely wide swath.

Reference: “Land, Vegetation, and Ice Sensor (LVIS).” Accessed: Dec. 18, 2023. [Online]. Available: 20/12/2023 8
https://lvis.gsfc.nasa.gov/Home/index.html
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 Applications

 Agriculture: Achieve highest crop yield. Create a topographical map

of fields and reveals sun exposure of field.

Reference: “GIS Agriculture Technology: How To Win the Farm,” GIS Geography. Accessed: Dec. 17, 2023. [Online]. 20/12/2023 9
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 Applications

 Robotics: 3D map of environment, Detection of Weather, Extreme

temperature.

 Environment: Better understanding of tree structure, shape,

biomass measurement, canopy heights.

 Archaelogy: Finding of lost cities in ground by discovering subtle

linear elevations in the ground.

 Ocean Mapping: Bathymetric Lidar can generate green wavelength

to measure all the way to sea floor.

 Prediction of Natural Calamity: Predict areas prone to floooding by

digital elevation models.

Reference: “Sensors | Free Full-Text | Testing the Effect of Bathymetric Data Reduction on the Shape of the Digital Bottom Model.” Accessed:
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Dec. 17, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/12/5445
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Cont…

Recent Innovations in LIDAR: Autonomous Cars from Google



Reference: GREYB, “Google Driverless Car- The Obstacle Detection Unit,” The Future of Technology. Accessed: Dec. 17, 2023. [Online].
Titel der Präsentation 20/12/2023 11
Available: https://greybmusings.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/google-driverless-car-the-obstacle-detection-unit/
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 Advantage

 Higher accuracy (Vertical Dimensions 5-15 cm,

Horizontal 30-50 cm)

 Fast acquisition and processing

 Minimum human dependency (Automatic Process)

 Works in Darkness

 High data density in 3-D (Point Number Per Square Metre)

 High Canopy Penetration ( Multiple Laser Pulses move through

forest canopy)

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 Disadvantage

 Ineffective during high rain(30 mm/hour) , low cloud / mist

(Visibility distance of 50 m or less)

 Unreliable for water depth less than 2 m

 Precision alignment must be maintained

 Higher experiense of Sensors

 Energy Usage of LIDAR is highest compared to Radar, Camera

 High end LIDAR sensors are expensive. (Ex: Autonomous car

equipped with LiDAR cost $250,000 approximately )

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 Future Scope

 Earth Science: Designing orbital instrument to provide global

monitoring of atmosphere and land

 Planetory Science: Designing instrument to calculate atmospheric

data of solar system

 Landing Aid: Sensors providing warning, navigation data

 Healthcare for Adults: Potential of monitoring activities of humans

in a residence

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 Conclusion

 More new applications of LIDAR are actively identified and

developed

 An environment friendly solution to traditional survey techniques

 High probability of success where access to resources are limited or

impossible

 New innovations offer developmenet of portable and mobile

systems

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 Reference

 N. O. and A. A. US Department of Commerce, “What is LIDAR.” Accessed: Dec. 17,

2023. [Online]. Available: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/lidar.html

 GISGeography, “A Complete Guide to LiDAR: Light Detection and Ranging,” GIS

Geography. Accessed: Dec. 17, 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://gisgeography.com/lidar-light-detection-and-ranging/

 LiDAR Uses and Applications - GIS Geography.” Accessed: Dec. 17, 2023. [Online].
Available: https://gisgeography.com/lidar-uses-applications/

 “Advantages and Disadvantages of LiDAR Technology,” FlyGuys. Accessed: Dec. 17,

2023. [Online]. Available: https://flyguys.com/advantages-disadvantages-lidar-
technology/

 “Advancements and Applications of LiDAR Technology in the Modern World: A

Comprehensive Review | IEEE Conference Publication | IEEE Xplore.” Accessed: Dec.
17, 2023. [Online].

 Masson, P(2023): Comparison of Spatial Coverage of LiDAR Systems for In Home

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Activity of Daily Living Applications, IEE Sensors Application Symposium (2023).
 J. Kim, B. Park, and J. Kim, “Empirical Analysis of Autonomous Vehicle’s LiDAR
Detection Performance Degradation for Actual Road Driving in Rain and Fog,” Sensors,
vol. 23, no. 6, Art. no. 6, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.3390/s23062972.

 E, Means : Design, Capabilities and Uses of Large and Small Footprint Lidar Systems.
Oregon State University.

 “Why LiDAR is Doomed.” Accessed: Dec. 17, 2023. [Online]. Available:

https://www.voltequity.com/article/why-lidar-is-doomed

 “Lidar - A measurement technique that uses light emitted from a sensor to measure
the range to a target object.,” VectorNav. Accessed: Dec. 17, 2023. [Online]. Available:
https://www.vectornav.com/applications/lidar-mapping

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 Thank You…

 Questions?????

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