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Lidar

LiDAR, or light detection and ranging, is a remote sensing technology used to measure distances on the Earth's surface with high accuracy, utilizing laser pulses and GPS for precise geospatial measurements. It has applications in various fields including oceanography, agriculture, and archaeology, and can be deployed in airborne or terrestrial systems. The technology produces detailed 3D maps and point cloud datasets that can be analyzed and visualized using GIS software.

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17 views13 pages

Lidar

LiDAR, or light detection and ranging, is a remote sensing technology used to measure distances on the Earth's surface with high accuracy, utilizing laser pulses and GPS for precise geospatial measurements. It has applications in various fields including oceanography, agriculture, and archaeology, and can be deployed in airborne or terrestrial systems. The technology produces detailed 3D maps and point cloud datasets that can be analyzed and visualized using GIS software.

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toaddu23
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Lidar

Introduction
• LiDAR, or light detection and ranging, is a popular
remote sensing method used for measuring the exact
distance of an object on the earth’s surface.
• Even though it was first used in the 1960s when laser
scanners were mounted to aeroplanes, LiDAR didn’t get
the popularity it deserved until twenty years later.
• It was only during the 1980s after the introduction of
GPS that it became a popular method for calculating
accurate geospatial measurements.
Introduction

A lidar map of Lynnhaven Inlet, Virginia.


LiDAR Technology
• Lidar is an acronym of "light detection and ranging" [3] or "laser
imaging, detection, and ranging".
• It is a method for determining ranges (variable distance) by
targeting an object with a laser and measuring the time for the
reflected light to return to the receiver.
• Lidar can also be used to make digital 3D of areas on the
earth's surface and ocean bottom, due to differences in laser
return times, and by varying laser wavelengths.
• It has terrestrial, airborne, and mobile applications.
LiDAR Technology
• LiDAR is an active remote sensing technique that is
similar to RADAR but, instead of using radio waves as a
radiation source, it uses laser pulses.
• In this technique, a laser source emits pulses that are
directed towards the target of interest, such as a
terrain landscape.
• The pulses encounter the terrain and a portion of the
laser energy is reflected back to a sensor located near
the source. By measuring the round-trip travel time of
the emitted laser pulses, the LiDAR system can
determine the distance between the sensor and the
mapped terrain.
• This is pulse round-trip time measurement.
How Does LiDAR Work?
• LiDAR follows a simple principle — throw laser light at an object on the earth surface
and calculate the time it takes to return to the LiDAR source. Given the speed at which
the light travels (approximately 186,000 miles per second), the process of measuring
the exact distance through LiDAR appears to be incredibly fast. However, it’s very
technical. The formula that analysts use to arrive at the precise distance of the object is
as follows:

• The distance of the object=(Speed of Light x Time of Flight)/ 2

• LiDAR can be used to accomplish many developmental objectives, some of which are:
• Oceanography
• Digital Elevation or Terrain Model
• Agriculture & Archaeology
LiDAR Technology: Primary
components
• There are three primary components of a LiDAR
instrument —
• the scanner,
• laser and
• GPS receiver.
• Other elements that play a vital role in the data collection
and analysis are the photodetector and optics.
• Most government and private organizations use
helicopters, drones and airplanes for acquiring LiDAR
data.
Principles of LiDAR Data Collection
• The basic principles of LiDAR are shown in Figure .
• The airborne LiDAR system is comprised of three
major time-synchronized components: a
• laser scanner unit,
• a GPS, and
• an IMU.
• The laser scanner is composed of a laser range
finder unit, which is based on time-of-flight
distance measurement techniques, and a beam
deflection device that creates the desired
scanning pattern.
Principles of LiDAR Data Collection
• The GPS provides the absolute position of the
sensor platform (plat), and
• the IMU records the angular attitude of the
platform (including roll, pitch, and yaw/heading).
• This enables the system to generate the aircraft's
absolute position (X, Y, Z) at any given time.
• The position is synchronized using the detector's
recording system for each recorded reflection.
• The required recording speeds and the amount of
collected data require strong, real-time
computation capabilities on board the aircraft.
Types of LiDAR Systems
• LiDAR systems are divided into two types based on its functionality — Airborne LiDAR & Terrestrial LiDAR.

• Airborne LiDAR

• Airborne LiDAR is installed on a helicopter or drone for collecting data. As soon as it’s activated, Airborne LiDAR emits
light towards the ground surface, which returns to the sensor immediately after hitting the object, giving an exact
measurement of its distance. Airborne LiDAR is further divided into two types — Topological LiDAR and Bathymetric
LiDAR.

• Terrestrial LiDAR

• Unlike Airborne, Terrestrial LiDAR systems are installed on moving vehicles or tripods on the earth surface for
collecting accurate data points. These are quite common for observing highways, analysing infrastructure or even
collecting point clouds from the inside and outside of buildings. Terrestrial LiDAR systems have two types — Mobile
LiDAR and Static LiDAR.
Lidar images and its use in GIS

Lidar
• Light Detection and Ranging
• A remote sensing method used to examine the surface of the Earth.
• These light pulses—combined with other data recorded by the
airborne system — generate precise, three-dimensional information
about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics.
• Produces highly accurate x,y,z measurements.
• Lidar produces mass point cloud datasets that can be
managed, visualized, analyzed, and shared using ArcGIS.
Advantages
• LiDAR has several advantages as a remote sensing
technique,
• including high accuracy,
• large point density, and
• extensive coverage area.
• Furthermore, end-users can resample regions of interest
quickly and efficiently.
• This gives rise to a technique that can map discrete
changes at very high resolution, cover large areas
uniformly and accurately, and produce rapid results.
References
• https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/what-is-lidar-technology-and-
how-does-it-work/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar
• https://www.newport.com/n/lidar

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