Day 2

“First week” PPT:

• Review managers
• Discuss hall passes and bonuses
this PPT:
• Scientific method, variables, why we use it
2.2.4 distinguish the basic components of experimental design
including types of variables, how to read graphs, and the
difference between experimental and control groups
 Job Title Responsibilities
Tidy Make sure everyone at your table keeps
the desk clean. Nothing on table or floor
at the end of the class.
CJ Check if everyone completed their CJ
iPad Distribute/Collect iPads
Collect work from students at your table
Collection
Distribution Pass out handouts
Substitute Replace absent managers
Tidy
CJ Check if everyone completed their CJ
iPad
Collection
Distribution Pass out “Hall Passes…”
Substitute Replace absent managers
Learning objectives:
1. Explore the scientific method
 The
Scientific
Method
The Steps to Success
 The Scientific Method
 What is the
scientific
method?
 It is a process
that is used to
find answers to
questions about
 Is there only one “scientific method”?
 No, there are several versions of the
scientific method.
 Some versions have more steps,
while others may have only a few.
 However, they all begin with the
identification of a problem or a
question to be answered based on
 They provide
an organized
method for
conducting and
analyzing an
experiment.
 What is a
hypothesis?
 It is an
educated
guess based
on observations
and your
knowledge of
the topic.
 Stated in the
“If….., then….”
format
 Example: IF I
water three
plants with
different sodas,
 What is data?
 It is
information
gathered
during an
experiment.
 It is organized
into a data
 Graphs
 BAR GRAPHS: can be used to
show how something changes
over time or to compare items.
 have an x-axis (horizontal)
and a y-axis (vertical)
 the x-axis has time period or
what is being measured
 the y-axis has numbers for
the amount of stuff being
measured.
 good when you're plotting data
that spans many years (or
days, weeks...), has really big
 LINE GRAPHS: can be used
to show how something
changes over time
 x-axis has numbers for the
time period
 y-axis has numbers for what
is being measured.
 can be used when you're
plotting data that has peaks
(ups) and valleys (downs),
or that was collected in a
short time period.

 Steps of the Scientific
Method
 1. Choose a problem: State
the problem as a question.
 2. Research your problem:
Read, get advice, and make
observations.
 3. Develop a hypothesis: Make
a prediction about what will
 5. Test your hypothesis:
Conduct the experiment and
record the data.
 6. Organize your data: Create a
chart or graph of your data.
 7. Draw conclusions: Analyze
Distribution managers: pass out 1.1

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1.2
Briefly discuss:
• Variables
• Control groups, experimental group

Activity: identify variables and groups

Hwk: read lab, translate wordw

• Grab a piece of scratch paper from the counter.
• Label your paper like the example below.
In your own words, define the following variables:
• Control
*It is ok if you don’t remember all of
• Dependent them, just do your best.
• Independent Walk around checking labeling

CJ: Sun Austin Na Tidy: Jin Daisy CJ: Xu Harry Tidy:Li Julien
Sub: ChenBeatrice 1 Clct: Ying Echo Sub: Wu Jasmine 2 Clct: Ye Sylvia
iPad: WangBenny Dist: ZhangEric iPad: Liu Jason Dist: Zhang
Vivian
CJ: Xie Bob Tidy: Ying Eva CJ: Xie Jennifer Tidy:Zhao William
Sub: ZhengCandy 3 Clct: Zhu Frank Sub: Xu Jerry 4 Clct: FengYumi
iPad: Zhang
Candy Dist: Xu Franklin iPad: Yan Johnny Dist: LiangZhuoma
1.Define control variables, dependent variables,
and independent variables
2.Define control group and experimental group
 Identifying
Variables
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables
Controlled Variables (Constants)
 3 Kinds of Variables
 Independent
Variable –
something that is
changed by the
scientist
 What is tested
 What is
 Dependent Variable –
something that might be affected
by the change in the independent
variable
 What is observed
 What is measured
 The data collected during the
investigation

 Controlled Variable – a
variable that is not changed
 Also called CONSTANTS
 Allow for a “fair test”
 Everything in the experiment
 The factors or quantities that you are testing or changing in an experiment
Hypothesis: If I change the amount of fertilizer on a plant, (independent
variable) then the plants will grow taller (dependent variable) because they will
gain more energy and nutrients to grow
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: the one factor you change in your procedure
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: the factor that changes due to the independent variable
being changed
CONTROL VARIABLES: these are variables that we are not interested in so you
keep them constant so they don’t affect the results. In the fertilizer example we
are interested in how fertilizer affects plant growth. Variables such as sunlight or
water could also affect plant growth so we keep those amounts constant.
Independent Dependent Control

Amount of Plant growth • Type of plant

fertilizer • Water quantity
guess, which is the control group?
Do you think the different groups of students have similar levels of
intelligence?
Which is the control group? Why is a control group needed?
In an experiment, data from an experimental group is compared with
data from a control group. These two groups should be identical in every
respect except one: the independent variable is changed for the
experimental group, but is held constant in the control group.
When we do labs Conclusion
you will have to write a
conclusion:
Conclusion: your results or findings based on
data collected during the experiment
 Answer your problem/purpose statement
 What does it all add up to? What is the value of
your project?
 What further study do you recommend given the
results of your experiment? What would be the
next question to ask?
 If you repeat this project, what would you
For Example:

Students of different ages were

given a jigsaw puzzle to put
together. The scientist wanted
to see if the students’ ages
affected how long it took to put
 Identify the Variables in this Experiment:

 Independent Variable (IV):

 Ages of the students
 Different ages were tested by the scientist
 Dependent Variable (DV):
 The time it took to put the puzzle
together
 The time was observed and measured by
 What were the constants?
 (1) Same puzzle
 All of the participants were tested
with the same puzzle.
 It would not have been a fair test if
some had an easy 30 piece puzzle
and some had a harder 500 piece
puzzle.
 Other constants: (2) same location,
 Another Example:
 An investigation was done with an
electromagnetic system made from
a battery and wire wrapped around
a nail. Different sizes of nails were
used. The number of paper clips
the electromagnet could pick up
was measured.
What are the Variables?
 IV: Sizes of nails
 These were changed by the scientist
 DV: Number of paper clips picked
up
 The number of paper clips observed
and counted (measured)
 Constants: Battery, wire, type of nail
 Distribution Managers:
please pass out 1.2
CJ Tidy CJ Tidy
Substitute 1 Collection Substitute 2 Collection
iPad Distribution iPad Distribution
CJ Tidy CJ Tidy
Substitute 3 Collection Substitute 4 Collection
iPad Distribution iPad Distribution
If finished early, help pass out the homework: 1.3 and then read it
1.3 Hand Size vs.
Height

1.3 Lab: Hand Size vs.

Height
due now: 1.3 pre lab
(check with clipboard)
due next:

A
CJ: PangAlan MgTidy: Ji Elsa CJ: Jia Kitty Tidy:Dong Rosa
Sub: Xu Henry 1 Clct: Lu Ethan Sub: Chen Lareina2 Clct: Zhong Shervin
iPad:Yu Carina Dist: Guo Eva iPad:LouMike Dist:Jiang Tony
CJ: Chen Chrissy Tidy: Wang Gordon CJ: Bai Monica Tidy:Lin William
Sub: Bu Cindy 3 Clct: Zhou Jameson Sub: Wu Peter 4 Clct: Guo Yuki
iPad:Cheng Daniel Dist: Zhou Justin iPad:Wang Roger Dist:Wang Ziwen
 Write guidance for graphing, best-fit line and conclusion
 Remind dep var on x-axis
 Come up with my own procedure, at least for g6
Graphing:
 Make the graph as big as possible
 Hand size must be on the x-axis
 Do not connect the data points. Use a “line of best
fit”
Hand Size vs. Height

Height (cm) Hand size (cm)

 Title of Graph
dependent variable goes on the y-axis

independent variable goes on the x-axis

 Conclusion
Conclusion: your results or findings based on data
collected during the experiment
 Discuss whether your hypothesis was correct or not
 If your hypothesis was incorrect, propose a new
hypothesis
 What may have caused your data to be inaccurate
(error)?
 If you repeat this project, what would you change to
improve it?

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1.4
2.2.2 differentiate between
data sets that are accurate
or precise
2.3.4 convert between
prefixes from pico to tera
1.4 Do Now tera
Last year we used the mnemonic device “King giga

Henry died unexpectedly drinking chocolate mega

milk” to remember the metric prefixes. kilo
hecto
Create a new one (or add to this one) to deka
remember from tera to pico.
deci
centi
milli
End micro
nano
pico

Walk around checking labeling

 tera T The
giga G Giant
mega M Monkey

kilo k King
hecto h Had
deka da Dazzling
Unit, no prefix U Umbrellas
deci d Dancing
centi c Carefully
milli m Making

micro μ Unforgettable

nano n Nutty
pico p performances
Today’s learning objectives:
2.2.2 differentiate between data sets that are
accurate or precise
2.3.4 convert between prefixes from pico to tera
Accuracy vs. Precision
Measurements require
tools that provide us with
a quantity. The problem is
that the results we get
from measuring
instruments contain some
error. Accuracy and
precision are two
important factors to
consider while taking
measurements.
Accuracy Precision
Represents how closely Represents how closely
the results agree with the results agree with one
actual value. another.

Results can be precise without being accurate.

Alternatively, the results can be precise and accurate.
What is meant by accuracy?

Accuracy refers to the closeness of the

measured value to a standard or true value
What is meant by precision?
Precision is the degree to which repeated measurements
under the same conditions show the same results.
What is meant by error?
The difference between the actual value and the
measured value is known as error.
If the player shoots a ball into the goal in one shot, she is
said to be accurate or precise?

The player is said to be accurate.

Lab groups were measuring the temperature of water
which is known by the teacher to be exactly 80°C.
Determine whether each period is accurate, precise, both,
or neither.
Precise? Accurate?
Both? Neither?
Popsicle sticks
2.3.4 convert between prefixes from pico to tera
Metric Prefixes
A metric prefix is a unit prefix that precedes a basic unit of measure to
indicate a multiple or submultiple of the unit.
The prefix kilo-, for example, may be added to gram to indicate
multiplication by one thousand: one kilogram is equal to one thousand
grams.
The prefix milli-, likewise, may be added to meter to indicate division by
one thousand; one millimeter is equal to one thousandth of a meter.
tera Metric The T 1012 trillion
gigaPrefixes Giant G 109 billion
mega Monkey M 106 million

kilo King k 103 thousand

hecto Had h 102 hundred
deka Dazzling da 101 ten
Unit, no prefix Umbrellas 1 1
deci Dancing d 10-1 tenth
centi Carefully c 10-2 hundredth
milli Making m 10-3 thousandth

micro Unforgettable μ 10-6 millionth

nano Nutty n 10-9 billionth

-12
 d
T G M k h d c m μ n p
a
From Milli to kilo increase by a factor
of 10
Beyond these, increase by a factor of
1000
The exponents determines the
number of places the decimal moves

Make sure that you go in the correct

direction!

900 nm =
900,000,000,000 m
or
900 nm = 0.0000009 m
 The Metric System
Pref Abbrevi Pow Conversions:
ix ation er 250 g = kg
giga- G 109
mega
- M 106
kilo- K 103 0.00325 kg = μg
hecto
- h 102
deca- da 101
Base 54 mm = km
deci- d 10-1
centi- c 10-2
milli- m 10-3
 The Metric System | Try
These
Pref Abbrevi Pow
ix ation er 65 μC =
giga- G 109
mega
M 106 C
-
kilo- K 103
hecto
- h 102 12 MW = W
deca- da 101
Base
deci- d 10-1
centi- c 10-2
milli- m 10-3
Distribution managers, please pass out:
• 1.4 (classwork)
• 1.5 (homework)
CJ Tidy CJ Tidy
Substitute 1 Collection Substitute 2 Collection
iPad Distribution iPad Distribution
CJ Tidy CJ Tidy
Substitute 3 Collection Substitute 4 Collection
iPad Distribution iPad Distribution

What's the difference between accuracy and precision? - Matt Anticole

CJ: Zhang Aiden NeTidy: Xu Daphne CJ: Li Kevin Tidy: Wu Angela
Sub: Bai Edith 1 Clct: Lin Baggio Sub: Tong Yoyo 2 Clct: Tang Victor
iPad: Zhang Jack Dist: Wang Elaine iPad: XingLeo Dist: Xi Walt
CJ: Bi Tony Tidy: Chen William CJ: Ju Gijsje Tidy: Yang Amy
Sub: Wang Olivia 3 Clct: Ye Katy Sub: Yang Peter 4 Clct: Ying Cody
iPad: Xu Chris Dist: Dong Joey iPad: Zhu Ray Dist: Hou Yuki
 Systems and Units
Fundamental S.I. Units:
Length
Mass
Time
Electric
Current
Temperature
Amount of
Substance
Luminous
Intensity
 Example IB Question

FYI: memorize the fundamental units

 Fundamental vs Derived
Fundamental Derived Units
S.I. Units Velocity:
Lengt
m
h
Mass kg
Acceleration:
Time s

Force: