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Biological Basis of Behaviour

The document outlines the biological basis of behavior, focusing on the structure and function of neurons, the central and peripheral nervous systems, and the endocrine system. It details the types of neurons (sensory, motor, interneurons), their roles in processing and transmitting information, and the major components of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. Additionally, it describes the endocrine system's role in hormone production and regulation of bodily functions.

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saba.shabir
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11 views32 pages

Biological Basis of Behaviour

The document outlines the biological basis of behavior, focusing on the structure and function of neurons, the central and peripheral nervous systems, and the endocrine system. It details the types of neurons (sensory, motor, interneurons), their roles in processing and transmitting information, and the major components of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. Additionally, it describes the endocrine system's role in hormone production and regulation of bodily functions.

Uploaded by

saba.shabir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Biological Basis of Behaviour

Outline
• Neuron and its function
• Central nervous system
• Peripheral nervous system
• Endocrine system
Neurons: Building Blocks
• Neurons are the information-processing and
information- transmitting element of the
nervous system
• They come in different shapes
• They may also be classified according to their
major functions
Sensory Neurons
• They gather information from the
environment and transmit them to the brain
Motor Neurons
• Those that accomplish movement of the
muscles
Interneurons
• Can be found in the central nervous system;
responsible for perceiving, learning,
remembering, planning, and deciding among
other important neural activities
Structure
• Soma- Contains the nucleus and other parts that
are responsible proving the life processes of the
cell.
• Dendrites- Tree-like structures that serve as the
recipient of messages coming from the
neighboring neurons.
• Axon- The axon is a long slender tube, covered by
a fatty insulator called the myelin sheath, that
carries information from the cell body to the
terminal button.
• Bundles of axons constitute nerves
Functions of Neuron
• Neurons are highly specialized for the fast
processing and transmission of cellular signals.
• Neurons receive input on the cell body and
dendritic tree,
• transmit output via the axon
Functions of Neuron
• Neurons communicate via chemical and
electrical synapses, in a process known as
synaptic transmission.
• The fundamental process underlying synaptic
transmission is the action potential
• Action potential a propagating electrical
signal that is generated by exploiting the
electrically excitable membrane of the
neuron.
Nervous System
• All bodily activities, voluntary and involuntary,
are controlled by the nervous system.
• Two Major Components
– Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Made up of the brain and spinal cord
– Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• Made up of all the nerves that lead into and out of the
CNS.
Central Nervous System
• The central nervous system is composed of
two major interconnected organs:–
– The brain
– The spinal cord.
– These organs work together to integrate and
coordinate sensory and motor information for the
purpose of controlling the various tissues, organs,
and organ systems of the body.
– The central nervous system is responsible for
higher neural functions, such as memory, learning,
and emotion
Brain
• Weighs about 3 pounds in adults
• 75% water
• 20% of oxygen
• Contains over 100 billion neurons
• Controls bodily functions and interactions
with the outside world
Parts:
• Cerebrum
• Diencephalons
• Brain stem
• Cerebellum
Brainstem
Brainstem is made up of the:
• Midbrain
• Pons
• Medulla oblongata.

• Midbrain : Involved with visual reflexes


• Pons:
– Located between the midbrain and the medulla
oblongata
– Controls certain respiratory functions
Medulla Oblongata:
• Contains centers that regulate heart and lung
functioning, swallowing, coughing, vomiting and
sneezing
Cerebellum
• Area that coordinates musculoskeletal movement to
maintain posture, balance, and muscle tone.
• Inferior to the occipital lobes of the cerebrum.
• Posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata .
Cerebrum
• Located above the cerebellum.
• Contains two hemispheres with an outer
portion called the cerebral cortex.
• The two hemispheres are connected by a
bridge of nerve fibers that relay information
between the two hemispheres called the
corpus callosum.
Diencephalon
The deep portion of the brain containing:
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Epithalamus
• Ventral thalamus
Peripheral Nervous System
• The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a
collection of peripheral nerves, ganglia and
specialized sensory structures that, as a system,
carries sensory and motor information between
the central nervous system and all other organs
and tissues of the body.
• The peripheral nervous system is functionally
divided into two major divisions:–
– The Sensory or Afferent Division
– – The Motor or Efferent Division
Somatic Nervous System
• Responsible for receiving and processing
sensory input from the skin, muscles, tendons,
joints, eyes, tongue, nose and ears as well as
excite the voluntary contraction of skeletal
muscles.
Autonomic Nervous System
• Carries impulses from the central nervous
system to glands, various smooth muscles,
cardiac muscle and various membranes.
• Stimulates organs, glands, and senses.
Endocrine System
• The endocrine system is made up of glands
that produce and secrete hormones, chemical
substances produced in the body that regulate
the activity of cells or organs.
• These hormones regulate the body's growth,
metabolism (the physical and chemical
processes of the body), and sexual
development and function.
While many parts of the body make hormones,
the major glands that make up the endocrine
system are the:
– hypothalamus.
– pituitary.
– thyroid.
– parathyroids.
– adrenals.
– pineal body.
– the ovaries.
– the testes.
Functioning

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