CHAPTER 2

SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO:
PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS
PSYCHOLOGY

REPORTERS:

KENLEY MALAIT
CHRISTINE RICARTE
K R I S H I A S TA R M A Q U I L A N
DIVINE GRACE INVENTO
P I A M A E A B AY O N
APRIL LLANA MONLEON
 BY T H E E N D O F T H I S
D I S C U SS I O N …

1. What is Sikolohiyang Pilipino?

2. Basic Tenets and Principles in Sikolohiyang Pilipino

3. Philippine Psychology and Psychology in the Philippines

4. History of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

5. Fields in Sikolohiyang Pilipino

6. Sikolohiyang Pilipino and Philippine Social Sciences (Agham-tao;

Pilipinolohiya and Pantayong Pananaw
WHAT IS SIKOLOHIYANG
PILIPINO?
F i l i p i n o Ps y c h o l o g y ( S i ko l o h i y a n g
Pilipino in Filipino) is the
s c i e n t i fi c s t u d y o f p s y c h o l o g y
derived from the experience,
ideas, and cultural orientation of
t h e F i l i p i n o s . S i ko l o h i y a n g
Filipino is anchored on Filipino
thought and experience as
understood from
a Filipino perspective (Enriquez,
1975).
 IT IS AN INDIGENOUS
P S YC H O LO GY

The scientific study of the ethnicity,

society and culture of a people and
the application to psychological
practice of indigenous knowledge
rooted in the people’s ethnic
heritage and consciousness.
 VIRGILIO G. ENRIQUEZ

 Father of Sikolohiyang Pilipino

 He is the founder of Pambansang

Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino.

Corporate name: National Association
for Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Inc.
Virgilio Enriquez identified the following as
the subject matter of this formal indigenous
psychology:
(Kamalayan) or
consciousness, which
includes both emotive and
cognitive experience;
Virgilio Enriquez identified the following as
the subject matter of this formal indigenous
psychology:

(Ulirat) or awareness of
one’s immediate
surroundings;
Virgilio Enriquez identified the following as
the subject matter of this formal indigenous
psychology:

(Isip), which refers to

knowledge and
understanding;
Virgilio Enriquez identified the following as
the subject matter of this formal indigenous
psychology:

(Diwa), which includes habits

and behavior;
Virgilio Enriquez identified the following as
the subject matter of this formal indigenous
psychology:

(Kalooban) or emotions or
feelings; and
Virgilio Enriquez identified the following as
the subject matter of this formal indigenous
psychology:
(Kaluluwa) or psyche,
which translates to soul
of a people.
 P S YC H O L O GY I N T H E P H I L I P P I N E S

The general form of psychology

in the Philippine context. It refers to
a series of events related to the
field of psychology in the Philippines
(e.g. number of degree programs
and journals, the amount of
research conducted) ang
pinakamalaki o kabuuang anyo ng
 BASIC TENETS AND
PRINCIPLES IN
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
 Core value or Kapwa (shared inner
self)

• Kapwa is the core

construct of Filipino
Psychology. Kapwa has
two categories, Ibang Tao
and Hindi Ibang Tao.
• Ibang Tao ("outsider") There
are five interaction levels
under this category:
1. Pakikitungo: civility - right
behavior meant right
demeanor towards authorities
(Parents, Elders, etc.).
2. Pakikisalamuha: act of
mixing - This is a social value
that is primarily
communitarian. It espouses
the ability to adapt.
 Core value or Kapwa (shared inner
self)

3. Pakikilahok: act of joining -

This translates to
participation of the entire
community to help a person.
 Core value or Kapwa (shared inner
self)

4. Pakikibagay: conformity - This

runs into conflict with
individuality which many Filipinos
in fact willingly throw away in
favor of conformity with demands
of those who are in charge.
 Core value or Kapwa (shared inner
self)

5. Pakikisama: being united

with the group.
 Core value or Kapwa (shared inner
self)

• Hindi Ibang Tao ("one-of-

us") There are three
interaction levels under this
category:
 Core value or Kapwa (shared inner
self)

1. Pakikipagpalagayang-loob:
act of mutual trust
 Core value or Kapwa (shared inner
self)

2. Pakikisangkot: act of
joining others
 Core value or Kapwa (shared inner
self)

3. Pakikipagkaisa: being one

with others
 Pivotal interpersonal value

• Pakiramdam: Shared inner

perceptions. Filipinos use
damdam, or the inner
perception of others'
emotions, as a basic tool to
guide their dealings with
 Linking socio-personal value

• Kagandahang-Loob: Shared
humanity. This refers to
being able to help other
people in dire need due to a
perception of being together
as a part of one Filipino
 Accommodative surface values

• Hiya: Loosely translated as

'shyness' by most Western
psychologists, Hiya is
actually 'sense of propriety'.
 Accommodative surface values

• Utang na loob: Norm of

reciprocity. Filipinos are
expected by their neighbors to
return favors—whether these
were asked for or not—when it
 Accommodative surface values

• Pakikisama and
Pakikipagkapwa: Smooth
Interpersonal Relationship, or
SIR, as coined by Lynch (1961
and 1973). This attitude is
 Confrontative surface values

• Bahala Na: Bahala Na translates

literally as "leave it up to God
(Bathala)" and it is used as an
expression, almost universally, in
Filipino culture. Filipinos engage in
the bahala na attitude as a culture-
 Confrontative surface values

• Lakas ng loob: This attitude

is characterized by being
courageous in the midst of
problems and uncertainties.
 Confrontative surface values

• Pakikibaka: Literally in
English, it means concurrent
clashes. It refers to the ability
of the Filipino to undertake
revolutions and uprisings
 Societal values

• Karangalan: Loosely translated

to dignity, this actually refers
to what other people see in a
person and how they use that
information to make a stand or
 Societal values

1. Puri: the external aspect of

dignity. May refer to how other
people judge a

person of his/her worth. This

compels a common Filipino to
 Societal values

2. Dangal: the internal

aspect of dignity. May refer
to how a person judges his
own worth.
 Societal values

• Katarungan: Loosely
translated to justice, this
actually refers to equity
in giving rewards to a
 Societal values

• Kalayaan: Freedom and

mobility. Ironically, this may
clash with the less
important value of
 PHILIPPINE
PSYCHOLOGY AND
PSYCHOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas

• Psychology in the Philippines

• It refers to the series of events
related to the field of psychology
in the Philippines. (e.g. number of
degree programs and journals, the
 Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino

• Psychology of Filipinos

• It refers to any theories or

knowledge of Filipino nature
regardless of source, Western
or local.
 Sikolohiyang Pilipino

• Filipino Psychology
• It refers to a psychology based on
the Filipino’s true thoughts,
feelings, behaviors and must
derive from indigenous Filipino
 HISTORY OF
SIKOLOHIYANG
PILIPINO
1 9 00 ’
s

• Psychology as an academic discipline in

the Philippines started when the U.S.
and Spain colonized the country.
1 9 60 ’
s

• Many Filipino intellectuals were

sensitive both to the inadequacy as well
as the unfairness of Western-oriented
approaches to psychology.

• However, there was no concerted effort

to reject and correct the traditional way
1 9 70 ’
s
• Sikolohiyang Pilipino was initiated when
Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez returned to the
Philippines.

• Along with Dr. Alfredo V. Lagmay, they

embarked on a research into the historical and
cultural roots of Philippine Psychology. From
these researches, a two-volume bibliography
on Filipino Psychology and a locally developed
1 975

• Enriquez chaired the Unang

Pambansang Kumpyansa sa
Sikolohiyang Pilipino (First National
Conference on Filipino Psychology) held
at the Abelardo Auditorium at UP.

• The ideas, concepts, and formulations

FOUR (4) FILIATIONS
OF SIKOLOHIYANG
PILIPINO
Zues Salazar (1985), a historian,
later examined the history of
Sikolohiyang Pilipino and came up
with a description of the four
filiations of Philippine Psychology.
1 . T h e A c a d e m i c - s c i e n t i fi c p s y c h o l o g y :
t h e We s t e r n t r a d i t i o n

This coincided with the birth of

scientific psychology (German
tradition) in 1876, and the entry of
Western psychology (mainly
American tradition) at the University
2. The Academic-philosophical
p s y c h o l o g y : t h e We s t e r n ( m a i n l y c l e r i c a l )
tradition

This was pursued by the University of

Santo Tomas and later other schools of
higher learning, under the leadership of
individual monks and preachers and the
Jesuits. The study of psychology as an
aspect of philosophy continued in the
3. Ethnic Psychology

This stream includes indigenous

psychology, psychology of Filipinos,
and the practice of psychology by
Filipinos.
3. Ethnic Psychology

• Indigenous psychology: kinagisnan and

katutubong sikolohiya.

- The subconscious psychology imbedded

in the native language, art, music, culture
and religion (one has been born into;
unaware).
3. Ethnic Psychology
• Psychology of Filipinos - perceived ethnic
traits, as observed by foreigners or as felt
and expressed by Filipinos.

- psychology worked out by Filipinos with

indigenous

elements as basis (innate to the Filipino)

- e.g. Kartilya of the Katipunan, Jose Rizal,

3. Ethnic Psychology
• The practice of psychology by Filipinos –
techniques of enculturation, socialization.

- based on mainly Western system of thought

- e.g. Spanish: Pigafetta’s quite objective

observation of the Filipinos in the Visayas
(impressed by them); American: Worcester’s view
of the Filipinos as distinct ethnic groups different
from one another as Christian and non-Christian
4. Psycho-medical: Religion

Psycho-medical system with religion

as cohesive element and
explanation.
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
AND PHILIPPINE SOCIAL
SCIENCES (AGHAM-TAO;
PILIPINOLOHIYA AT
PANTAYONG PANANAW)
Filipino Psychology

It refers to a psychology based on the

Filipino’s true thoughts, feelings,
behaviors and must derive from
indigenous Filipino sources, language,
and methods. Nilalayong anyo,
sikolohiyang bunga ng karanasan,
What is Philippine Social Science?

The Philippine Social Science Council

(PSSC) is a Member Organization of
ISC. The Philippine Social Science
Council is a non-governmental
organization which aims to support
social scientists in the Philippines to
 H O W S O C I A L S C I E N C E S TA RT E D I N T H E
PHILIPPINES?

The Philippine social sciences emerged as specialized

disciplines with the establishment of academic
departments in the early American colonial period.
‘Patterned after American universities, the social
science departments in the country were created in
different years.
• Anthropology
• Economics
• Political Sciences
• Psychology
 P I L I P I N O LO H I YA ( F I L I P I N O LO G Y )

Philippine studies refers to the study of the Philippines

and the Filipino people. Belinda A. Aquino, former
director of the Center for Philippines Studies at the
University of Hawaii at Manoa, define Philippines
Studies as “studies of Philippine culture and society,
which started in the early 1900s when the Philippines
became a colony of the
• Filipino Society
United States. It encompasses the following study:
• Filipino Life
• Filipino History
• Filipino Psychology
• Filipino Culture
 PA N TAY O N G PA N A N A W ( T H E “ W E ”
PERSPECTIVE)

Is defined as a method of acknowledging the

history and development of the nation based on
the “internal interconnectedness and linking of
characteristics, values, knowledge, wisdom ,
aspirations, practices, behaviors and experiences
as a unified whole is a unity that is framed by and
expressed in a single language; that is, within an
autonomous, self-directed discourse of progress
and civilization. This is a reality within any ethno-
linguistic group, among us or anywhere in the
A G H A M -T A O ( A N T H R O P O L O G Y )

Anthropology is the scientific study of

humans, human behavior and societies in
the past and present. Social anthropology
studies patterns of behavior and cultural
anthropology studies cultural meaning,
including norms and values. Linguistic
anthropology studies how language
influences social life. Biological or physical
A N Y QUESTIONS?
THANK YOU