OBJECTIVE

S
Specifically, you should
be able to:
 identify the subatomic
particles
 solve for the number of
subatomic particles inside an
atom using atomic number
and mass number;
 JOHN DALTON 1766-
1844
His Theory:
• All substances are made of
atoms that cannot be
created, divided or
destroyed.
• Atoms join with other
atoms to make new
substances.
• Atoms of the same element
are exactly alike, and
atoms of different elements
are different in mass and
size.
DALTON’S MODEL

Solid Sphere Model

It describes atoms as solid
spheres that cannot be
divided into smaller
particles.
 J.J. Thomson 1856-
1940
• English chemist and
physicist; discovered 1st
subatomic particles.
• His Theory:
• Atoms contain negatively
charged particles called
electrons and positively
charged matter.
• Created a model to describe
the atom as a sphere filled
with positive matter with
negative particles mixed in.
ERNEST RUTHERFORD 1871-
1937

• New Zealand physicist

• Discovered the nucleus
• His Theory:
• Small, dense, positively
charged particle
present in nucleus
called a proton.
• Electrons travel around
the nucleus, but their
exact places cannot be
ERNEST RUTHERFORD 1871-
1937
ERNEST RUTHERFORD 1871-
1937
ERNEST RUTHERFORD 1871-
1937
ERNEST RUTHERFORD 1871-
1937
 Neils Bohr 1913

• Danish physicist:
discovered energy
levels.
His Theory:
• Electrons travel
around the nucleus in
definite paths and
fixed distances.
• Electrons can jump
from one level to a
 ERWIN
SCHRODINGER 1924
• Austrian physicist;
developed the
electron cloud model.
His Theory:
• The exact path of
electrons cannot be
predicted.
• The region referred to
as the electron cloud,
is an area where
 JAMES CHADWICK
1932
• English physicist;
discovered neutrons
His Theory:
• Neutrons have no
electrical charge
• Neutrons have a mass
nearly equal to the
mass of a proton.
• Unit of measurement
for subatomic particle
 JAMES CHADWICK
1932
• English physicist;
discovered neutrons
His Theory:
• Neutrons have no
electrical charge
• Neutrons have a mass
nearly equal to the
mass of a proton.
• Unit of measurement
for subatomic particle
 MODERN THEORY of the ATOM
 Atoms are composed of three main
subatomic particles: the electron, proton and
neutron.
 Most mass of the atom is concentrated in the
nucleus of the atom.
 The protons and the neutrons are located
within the nucleus, while the electrons exist
outside of the nucleus.
 In stable atoms, the number of protons is
equal to the number of electrons
 The type of atom is determined by the
number of protons it has.
 The number of protons in an atom is equal to
the atomic number
 The sum of the number of protons and
neutrons in a particular atom is called the
atomic mass
 Valence electron are the outermost electrons
 The Fundamental
Components of an Atom
Atom
 Nucleus
Inside the
Electro Nucleus:
 Proton
n
 Neutron
 Inside the
Nucleus:
 Proton (p+)
Nucleu Positively charged
Electron s particles of an atom.
(e-) Inside the
Nucleus:
Negatively charged  Neutron (n0)
particles of an atom Neutral
Charged
Properties of the Subatomic Particles
Particle Symbol Charg Mass Location
e
Electron e- -1 0.000549 Orbit/ Outside the
amu Nucleus
Proton p+ +1 1.672 x 10 -24
Nucleus
Neutron n0 0 1.672 x 10 -24
Nucleus
The Atomic Number (Z) of an element is equal to
the number of protons.
In a neutral atom, number of protons is equal to
the number of electrons.
 Mass Number (A) is the sum of the
number of protons and the number of
neutrons. It is also called nucleon
number or atomic weight.
 Ions
Positively or Negatively charged particles,
have the same number of protons in different
number of electrons.
 Ions
Positively or Negatively charged particles,
have the same number of protons in different
number of electrons.
 Ions
Positively or Negatively charged particles,
have the same number of protons in different
number of electrons.
 Ions
Positively or Negatively charged particles,
have the same number of protons in different
number of electrons.
How to solve for Atomic number, Mass
number, Number of Neutron, Proton, and
Electron?
The Atomic Number (Z) =
p =e
+ -

Mass Number (A) = p+ + n0

Number of neutron (n ) = A - p
0 +
 The Atomic Number (Z) =
Example
p + = e-
3 (Z) = p+ = e-
3 (Z) = 3 = 3

Element Atomic Mass #p+ #e- #n0

Number (Z) Number (A)
Lithium 3 7
3 3 4

Number of neutron (n0) = Mass

Number- #p+
Number of neutron (n0) = 7-3
Number of neutron (n0) = 4
Example The Atomic Number (Z) = p+ =
e-
The Atomic Number (Z) = 19 =
19
19 (Z) = 19 = 19
Element Atomic Mass #p+ #e- #n0
Number (Z) Number (A)
Potass 19 39
19 19 20
ium

Mass Number (A) = p+ plus n0

Mass Number (A) = 19 + 20
Mass Number (A) =39
 Example The Atomic Number (Z) = p+ = e-
(Z)12 = 12= 12

Element Atomic Number Mass Number #p+ #e- #n0

(Z) (A)
1 1 1
Magnesiu 12 24 2 2 2
m

Number of neutron (n0) = Mass

Number- #p+
Number of neutron (n0) = 24-12
= 12
 For a neutral atom
Example
(Z) = p+ = e-
(Z) = 27 = e-
27(Z) = 27 = e-
27(Z) = 27 = 27
Element Atomic Number Mass Number #p+ #e- #n0
(Z) (A)

Cobalt 27 59 27 27 32

(A) = p+ plus n0

= 27 + 32
= 59
 Example (n0) = A- #p+
The Atomic Number (Z) = p+ (n0) = 88-38
The Atomic Number (Z) = 38 = 50
38(Z) = 38 (p+)
Element Atomic Number Mass Number #p+ #e- #n0
(Z) (A)

Strontium 38 88 38 36 50
(Sr )
2+

Number of electron (e-) = p+ for a

Srneutral
2+ atom
= 38 (p +
)
Sr2+= 38- 2
= 36
 Example
The Atomic Number (Z) = p+ (n0) = A- #p+
p+ = 16 (n0) = 32-16
16 (p+) = 16 (Z) = 16
Element Atomic Number Mass Number #p+ #e- #n0
(Z) (A)

Sulfur 16 32 16 18 16
(S )
2-

Number of electron (e-) = p+ for a

S = 16 (p+)
neutral
2- atom

S2-= 16+ 2
= 18
Eleme (Z) (A) #p+ #e- #n0
nt
Ar 40 18 18
Xe 54 77
Al 3+ 13 27
Te2- 52 128
Ra 226 88
 REVIEW
What are the three subatomic
particles?
Electron Proton Neutron
(e-) (p+) (n0)
How to solve for Atomic number, Mass
number, Number of Neutron, Proton, and
Electron?
The Atomic Number (Z) = p+ = e-

Mass Number (A) = p+ + n0

Number of neutron (n0) = Mass

Number- p+