THE NATURE

OF
MATHEMATIC
S
 INTRODUCTION
• Mathematics is often regarded as the universal
language of the natural world, serving as a tool for
deciphering the patterns and structures that define
our universe.
• One of the most captivating examples of
mathematics' role in understanding the world is the
Fibonacci sequence.
• The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers that
has intrigued mathematicians, scientists, and artists
for centuries due to its inherent mathematical
beauty and its prevalence in the natural world.
 HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE NATURE OF
MATHEMATICS IN THE FIBONACCI SEQUENCE

• The Fibonacci sequence, as we know it today, is

named after Leonardo of Pisa, also known as
Fibonacci, who introduced it to the Western world
in his book "Liber Abaci" (The Book of Calculation)
in the early 13th century. However, the sequence
had appeared in various forms in the works of
Indian mathematicians and was known in different
parts of the world before Fibonacci's time.
 THE FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
• Sequence- is an ordered list of numbers, called terms that may have
repeated values. The arrangement of these terms is set by a definite rule.
• The Fibonacci sequence is named for Leonardo Pisano (also known as
Leonardo Pisano or Fibonacci), an Italian mathematician who lived from
1170 - 1250.
• The Fibonacci sequence is a set of numbers that starts with a one or a
zero, followed by a one, and proceeds based on the rule that each number
(called a Fibonacci number) is equal to the sum of the preceding two
numbers.
• If the Fibonacci sequence is denoted F (n), where n is the first term in
the sequence, the following equation obtains for n = 0, where the first
two terms are defined as 0 and 1 by convention:
F (0) = 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 ...
F(0)=0, F(1)=1 F(2)=1 F(3)=2 and so on
 EXAMPLE
Generating Sequence Analyze the given sequence for its
rule and identify the next three terms. a.
1,10,100,1000,______,_________,________
Looking at the set, it can be observe that each term is a
power of 10: 1=100, 10= 101, 100=102, 1000=103
therefore; 104=10,000, 105=100,000, 106=1,000,000
b. 2, 5, 9, 14, 20,________,_________,________
The difference of every succeeding number is progressively
increasing, that is 5-2=3, 9-5=4, 14-9=5, 20-14=6
therefore, the succeeding terms are; 20+7=27, 27+8=35,
35+9=44
 THE FIBONACCI
SEQUENCE
Fibonacci used the arithmetic series
to illustrate a problem based on a pair of
breeding rabbits:
• Fibonacci numbers are of interest to
biologists and physicists because they
are frequently observed in various
natural objects and phenomena. The
branching patterns in trees and
leaves, for example, and the
distribution of seeds in a raspberry
are based on Fibonacci numbers.
MATHEMATIC
AL
PROPERTIES
 GOLDEN RECTANGLE
• Leonardo of Pisa also known as Fibonacci
discovered a sequence of numbers that created
an interesting numbers that created an
interesting pattern the sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,
13, 21, 34… each number is obtained by adding
the last two numbers of the sequence forms
what is known as golden rectangle a perfect
rectangle. A golden rectangle can be broken
down into squares the size of the next Fibonacci
number down and below. If we were to take a
golden rectangle, break it down to smaller
squares based from Fibonacci sequence and
divide each with an arc, the pattern begin to
take shapes, we begin with Fibonacci spiral in
which we can see in nature
FIBONACCI NUMBERS IN NATURE
• Flower petals exhibit the Fibonacci number, white calla
lily contains 1 petal, euphorbia contains 2 petals,
trillium contains 3 petals, columbine contains 5 petals,
bloodroot contains 8 petals, black-eyed susan contains
13 petals, shasta daisies 21 petals, field daisies
contains 34 petals and other types of daisies contain 55
and 89 petals.
 FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
IN NATURE

• The sunflower seed

conveys the Fibonacci
sequence. The pattern of
two spirals goes in
opposing directions
(clockwise and counter-
clockwise).
• The number of clockwise
spirals and counter
clockwise spirals are
consecutive Fibonacci
numbers and usually
 THE GOLDEN RATIO
(ALSO CALLED PHI)
• The golden ratio was first called as the Divine
Proportion in the early 1500s in Leonardo da Vinci’s
work which was explored by Luca Pacioli entitled
“De Divina Proportione” in 1509. This contains the
drawings of the five platonic solids and it was
probably da Vinci who first called it “section aurea”
which is Latin for Golden Section.
• The Fibonacci sequence is related to the golden
ratio, a proportion (roughly 1:1.618) that
occurs frequently throughout the natural world and
is applied across many areas of human endeavor.
Both the Fibonacci sequence and the golden ratio
are used to guide design for architecture, websites
and user interfaces, among other things.
 THE GOLDEN RATIO (ALSO
CALLED PHI)
• In mathematics, two quantities are in the
Golden ratio if their ratio is the same of their
sum to the larger of the two quantities. The
Golden Ratio is the relationship between
numbers on the Fibonacci sequence where
plotting the relationships on scales results in a
spiral shape. In simple terms, golden ratio is
expressed as an equation, where a is larger
than b, (a+b) divided by a is equal to a divided
by b, which is equal to 1.618033987…and
represented by (phi).
 GOLDEN TRIANGLE
• Golden ratio can be deduced in an isosceles triangle.
• If we take the isosceles triangle that has the two base
angles of 72 degrees and we bisect one of the base
angles, we should see that we get another golden triangle
that is similar to the golden rectangle.
• If we apply the same manner as the golden rectangle, we
should get a set of whirling triangles. With these whirling
triangles, we are able to draw a logarithmic spiral that will
converge at the intersection of the two lines.
• The spiral converges at the intersection of the two lines
and this ratio of the lengths of these two lines is in the
Golden Ratio.
 GOLDEN RATIO IN NATURE
• It is often said that math contains the
answers to most of universe’s
questions. Math manifests itself
everywhere. One such example is the
Golden Ratio.
• This famous Fibonacci sequence has
fascinated mathematicians, scientist
and artists for many hundreds of
years.
 GOLDEN RATIO IN NATURE
• The Golden Ratio manifests itself in many places across
the universe, including right here on Earth, it is part of
Earth’s nature and it is part of us.
• Flower petals
The number of petals in a flower is often one of the following
numbers: 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 or 55. For example, the lily has three
petals, buttercups have five of them, the chicory has 21 of them,
the daisy has often 34 or 55 petals, etc.
• Faces
Faces, both human and nonhuman, abound with examples of
the Golden Ratio. The mouth and nose are each positioned at
golden sections of the distance between the eyes and the bottom
of the chin. Similar proportions can been seen from the side, and
even the eye and ear itself.
 GOLDEN RATIO IN NATURE
• Body parts
The Golden Section is manifested in the structure of the
human body. The human body is based on Phi and the
number 5. The number 5 appendages to the torso, in
the arms, leg and head. 5 appendages on each of these,
in the fingers and toes and 5 openings on the face.
Animal bodies exhibit similar tendencies.
• Seed heads
Typically, seeds are produced at the center, and then
migrate towards the outside to fill all the space.
Sunflowers provide a great example of these spiraling
patterns.
 GOLDEN RATIO IN NATURE
• Fruits, Vegetables and Trees
Spiraling patterns can be found on pineapples and cauliflower. Fibonacci
numbers are seen in the branching of trees or the number of leaves on
a floral stem; numbers like 4 are not. 3’s and 5’s, however, are
abundant in nature.
• Shells
Snail shells and nautilus shells follow the logarithmic spiral, as does the
cochlea of the inner ear. It can also be seen in the horns of certain
goats, and the shape of certain spider’s webs.
• Spiral Galaxies
Spiral galaxies are the most common galaxy shape. The Milky Way has
several spiral arms, each of them a logarithmic spiral of about 12
degrees.
• Hurricanes
It’s amazing how closely the powerful swirls of hurricane match the
GOLDEN RATIO IN NATURE
 GOLDEN RATIO IN ARTS
• The golden ratio can be used to
achieve beauty, balance and
harmony in art, architecture and
design. It can be used as a tool in
art and design to achieve balance
in the composition.
 GOLDEN RATIO IN
ARTS EXAMPLES
• The exterior dimension of
the Pathernon in Athens,
Greece embodies the
golden ratio.

• In “Timaeus” Plato
describes five possible
regular solids that relate to
the golden ratio which is
now known as Platonic
Solids. He also considers
the golden ratio to be the
most bringing of all
mathematical relationships.
 GOLDEN RATIO IN ARTS
EXAMPLES
• Euclid was the first to give
definition of the golden ratio as
“a dividing line in the extreme
and mean ratio” in his book the
“Elements”. He proved the link of
the numbers to the construction
of the pentagram, which is now
known as golden ratio. Each
intersections to the other edges
of a pentagram is a golden ratio.
Also the ratio of the length of the
shorter segment to the segment
bounded by the two intersecting
lines is a golden ratio.
 GOLDEN RATIO IN
ARTS EXAMPLES
• Leonardo da Vinci was into many
interests such as invention,
painting, sculpting, architecture,
science, music, mathematics,
engineering, literature, anatomy,
geology, botany, writing, history
and cartography. He used the
golden ratio to define the
fundamental portions in his works.
He incorporated the golden ratio
in his own paintings such as the
Vitruvian Man, The Last Supper,
Monalisa and St. Jerome in the
Wilderness.
GOLDEN RATIO IN
ARTS EXAMPLES
• Michaelangelo di Lodovico
Simon was considered the
greatest living artists of his
time. He used golden ratio in
his painting “The Creation of
Adam” which can be seen on
the ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel. His painting used the
golden ratio showing how God’s
finger and Adam’s finger meet
precisely at the golden ratio
point of the weight and the
height of the area that contains
them.
GOLDEN RATIO IN
ARTS EXAMPLES
• Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino or
more popularly known as
Raphael was also a painter and
architect from the Rennaisance.
In his painting “The School of
Athens,”, the division between
the figures in the painting and
their proportions are distributed
using the golden ration. The
golden triangle and pentagram
can also be found in Raphael’s
painting “Crucifixion”.
GOLDEN RATIO IN
ARTS EXAMPLES
• The golden ratio can also be
found in the works of other
renowned painters such as
a.) Sandro Botticelli (Birth
of Venus);
b.) George-Pierre Surat
(“Bathers at Assinieres”,
“Bridge of Courbevoie” and
“A Sunday on La Grande
Jette”); and
c.) Salvador Dali (“The
Sacrament of the Last
Supper”).
 GOLDEN RATIO IN
ARCHITECTURE
• Some of the architectural structures that exhibit the
application of the Golden ratio are the following:
• The Great Pyramid of Giza built 4700 BC in Ahmes
Papyrus of Egypt is with proportion according to a
“Golden Ratio”. The length of each side of the base is 756
feet with a height of 481 feet. The ratio of the base to
the height is roughly 1.5717, which is close to the Golden
ratio.
• Notre Dame is a Gothic Cathedral in Paris, which was built
in between 1163 and 1250. It appears to have a golden
ratio in a number of its key proportions of designs.
 GOLDEN RATIO IN
ARCHITECTURE
• The Taj Mahal in India used the golden ratio in its construction
and was completed in 1648. The order and proportion of the
arches of the Taj Mahal on the main structure keep reducing
proportionately following the golden ratio.
• The Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres in Paris, France also
exhibits the Golden ratio.
• In the United Nation Building, the window configuration reveal
golden proportion.
• The Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, erected in 1889 is an iron
lattice. The base is broader while it narrows down the top,
perfectly following the golden ratio.
• The CN Tower in Toronto, the tallest tower and freestanding
structure in the world, contains the golden ratio in its design.
The ratio of observation deck at 342 meters to the total height of
553.33 is 0.618 or phi, the reciprocal of phi.