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Sound Waves

The document provides an overview of sound waves, including their definition, production, types, and characteristics. It explains the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves, how sound is produced through vibrations, and how sound properties such as loudness and pitch are measured. Additionally, it discusses the human hearing range and the use of sound intensity meters to measure loudness in decibels.

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25 views28 pages

Sound Waves

The document provides an overview of sound waves, including their definition, production, types, and characteristics. It explains the difference between transverse and longitudinal waves, how sound is produced through vibrations, and how sound properties such as loudness and pitch are measured. Additionally, it discusses the human hearing range and the use of sound intensity meters to measure loudness in decibels.

Uploaded by

atoyebi.oluwatoope
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SOUND WAVE

DEFINITION, PRODUCTION, TYPES, CHARACTERISTICS, WAVE FORMS


WHAT IS A WAVE?

All types of wave are caused by a vibrating source and transfer


energy without transferring matter.
In a transverse wave, the particles move up and down, so the
direction of their movement is at right angles to the direction of the
wave.
In a longitudinal wave, the particles vibrate back and forth, so the
direction of their movement is parallel to the direction of the wave.
WHAT DO TRANSVERSE WAVES LOOK LIKE?

A Slinky can be used to


demonstrate transverse
waves by moving one end
of the Slinky up and down.
WHAT DO TRANSVERSE WAVES LOOK LIKE?

The wave travels away from the source. The direction of the wave
makes a right angle with the movement of the source.

In a transverse wave, the coils do not travel horizontally; each coil


of the Slinky just vibrates up and down.
FREQUENCY OF TRANSVERSE WAVES

The frequency is the number of waves passing any point each


second.
 frequency = number of waves past a point / time
 frequency is measured in hertz (Hz) = 1/second (1/s)
 1 wave per second = 1 Hz
FREQUENCY OF TRANSVERSE WAVES

If this set of transverse waves


pass a point in one second,
what is the frequency?
ANS: 4 Hz
SOUND

Sound is a form of energy.


Sound can be described by its intensity. This is how loud or soft it
is.
Sound can also be described by its pitch. This is how high or low it
is.
WHAT CAUSES SOUND?

Take a tuning fork and strike it against a


block of wood.
What do you observe?
SOUND

The tuning fork vibrates and you hear a sound.


Sounds are made when an object vibrates.
Sound travels because the vibrating object makes nearby particles
vibrate.
WHAT ARE LONGITUDINAL WAVES?

Sound travels as waves made by vibrating air particles.


Sound waves are an example of longitudinal waves.
In a longitudinal wave, the particles vibrate back and forth, so the
direction of their movement is parallel to the direction of the wave.
SOUND

Think about the hairs on this cat


vibrating backwards and forwards,
as sound waves from the speaker
pass by.
WHAT DO LONGITUDINAL WAVES LOOK
LIKE?

A Slinky can be used to model


longitudinal waves, by moving
one end of the Slinky left and
right.
LONGITUDINAL WAVE

The wave travels away from the source. The direction of the wave
is parallel to the movement of the source.
In a longitudinal wave, the coils do not travel horizontally; each coil
of the Slinky just vibrates left and right.
WAVELENGTH OF A LONGITUDINAL WAVE

The wavelength of any wave


is the distance between two
matching points on neighbouring
waves.
The wavelength is the same
whichever two matching points
are used to measure this distance.
‘SEEING’ SOUND WAVES

If we connect an mp3 player to a speaker, we can all hear the


sound produced.
If we also connect an oscilloscope to the mp3 player, then we can
‘see’ the sound waves.
LOUDNESS AND AMPLITUDE
LOUDNESS AND AMPLITUDE

On an oscilloscope trace, the loudness of a sound is shown by the


height of the wave. This is called the amplitude.

The larger the amplitude of the wave on the trace, the louder the
sound.
PITCH AND FREQUENCY
PITCH AND FREQUENCY

On an oscilloscope trace, the pitch of a sound is shown by how


many waves there are. This is called the frequency.

The greater the frequency of the waves on the trace, the higher the
pitch.
UNITS OF FREQUENCY

The frequency of sound waves is measured in hertz (Hz). One hertz


is the same as one cycle per second.
WHICH WAVE IS THE LOUDEST?
WHICH WAVE IS THE HIGHEST?
DESCRIBING SOUND WAVES
WHAT RANGE OF FREQUENCIES CAN YOU
HEAR?

Humans can only hear sounds of certain frequencies. The range of


frequencies a person can hear is called their hearing range.

Hearing range can be tested using a pitch sweep, in which


the frequency of a sound wave is gradually increased.
This can be created using a signal generator and loudspeaker.
WHAT RANGE OF FREQUENCIES CAN YOU
HEAR?

What is the hearing range of a healthy young person?


20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
HOW IS SOUND INTENSITY MEASURED?

The loudness of sounds can be measured using a sound intensity


meter.
This instrument measures the loudness of a sound in decibels (dB)

The smallest sound we can detect (almost total silence) is 0 dB. A


normal conversation is 60 dB and a chainsaw is 100 dB. At 80–130
dB you would start to feel pain and at 160 dB, the eardrum would
puncture.
FCATS FINDINGS!

RESEARCH ON

INFRA SOUND
ULTRA SOUND
SUPERSONIC SOUND

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