Power Electronics

LECTURE#01

Introduction to Power Electronics

(CLO-1)
(PLO-1)
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 Course Prerequisites
• Power electronics concepts
incorporates from the fields of:
–Analog Circuits
–Solid State Electronic Devices
–Electrical Machines
–Control Systems

3
 Course Scope
• (1)
Electrical energy is the most widely used form of energy in our day-
to-day life, the device which process this energy will be required
everywhere, and this magical technology is the product of power
electronics.
• It is not possible to build practical computers, laptop cell phones,
personal data devices, microwave ovens, flat-panel displays, LED
lighting, electric and hybrid vehicles, airplanes, industrial
processes, and other everyday products without power electronics.
• Alternative energy systems such as wind generators, solar power,
fuel cells, and others require power electronics to function.
• So, scope is not only directed towards tinny size device
manufacturing but high processing power of devices too.
• Although no one can predict the future, it is certain that power
electronics will be at the heart of fundamental energy innovations.
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 Electronics …………………..
Physical Electronics: Physics, Material, Fabrication,
and Manufacturing of electronic devices)
ELECTRONICS

Applied Electronics : Application of electronic

devices to various areas

Vacuum Electronics: Using vacuum devices

ELECTRONICS (e.g. vacuum tubes devices)

Solid State Electronics: Using solid state devices

(e.g. Semiconductor devices)
Information Electronics: To process information
ELECTRONICS

Power Electronics: To process electric power

 Power Electronics?
• The field of Electrical Engineering and application of solid-state
electronics for the control and conversion of electric power.

Input Power
Electric Power Output Power
Converter

Control Input
Power electronics: Interdisciplinary nature
• Power electronics is the interface between electronics, control and
power.

ELECTRONICS: POWER:
Devices, Static & Rotating
Circuits power
POWER
equipment
ELETRONIC
S
CONTROL:
Continuous,
Discrete
 Power Electronic System?
• The field of Electrical Engineering and application of solid-state
electronics for the control & conversion of electric power through
power semiconductor devices (power diode, power transistors,
thyristors etc) wherein these devices operate as switches.
• The primary task of power electronics is to process and control the
flow of electric energy by supplying voltages and currents in a form
that is optimally suited for user loads.
Electrical Energy Electrical Energy
- Unregulated - Regulated
Input Power Output
vi,ii Power
Power Electronic
Source V o ,i o
System/Converter Load
AC, AC,
Feedback DC,
DC,
Unregulated Control Input Regulated
Measurements

Controller Reference
Power Electronic Converter…Application

Application oriented structure of a power electronic system

 Power Electronics conversion: Topology
• The power conversion AC to DC: RECTIFIER
can be classified according to the
systems
type of the input and output AC input DC
power output
– AC to DC (Rectification)
DC to DC: CHOPPER
– DC to AC (Inversion)
– DC to DC (Chopping) DC input DC output
– AC to AC (Cyclo-converter)
DC to AC: INVERTER

DC input AC output AC

to AC: CYCLOCONVERTER

AC input AC output
 AC/DC converter (Rectifier)
• An AC/DC converter (rectifier) is the most
typical power electronics device found in
many consumer electronic devices.
– Example: television sets, personal
computers, battery chargers, etc.
– The power range is typically from tens of
watts to several hundred watts.
• In industry the most common application is
the variable speed drive (VSD) that is used to
control any motor (mostly AC) .
– The power range of VSDs start from a few
hundred watts and end at tens of
megawatts.
AC/DC converter - VSD Application
 DC/AC converters (Inverters)
• DC/AC converters are used primarily in UPS (un-
interrupted power supply) or emergency light.
– During normal electricity condition, electricity will
charge the DC battery.
– During blackout time, DC battery will be used to
produce AC electricity at its output to power up the
appliances.
• Earlier inverters were built with SCRs.
– Nowadays power semiconductor devices such as
BJTs, power MOSFETs, insulated gate bipolar
transistors (IGBT) and MOS-controlled thyristors
(MCTs) are used
 AC/AC converters (Cycloconverters)
• AC/AC Converter or controllers deals with change of voltage and
frequency.
• AC controllers converts a fixed voltage fixed frequency to a variable
voltage fixed frequency.
– Light dimmers, power adapters and control of single-phase AC
motors that are typically used in home appliances.
• When both voltage and frequency are changed, circuits are called
‘‘Cycloconverters’’,
– Cycloconverters converts a fixed voltage fixed
frequency to variable voltage variable frequency
• Another way of achieving AC/AC conversion is by using AC/DC and
DC/AC through an intermediate DC link.
 DC to DC converters (chopping)
• DC/DC Converter is also known as ‘‘Switching Regulator’’.
• DC/DC converters are used in mobile, portable electronic or
battery-operated devices to maintain the voltage at a fixed value
whatever the charge level of the battery.
• The circuit will change the level voltage available from a DC
source such as a battery, solar cell, or a fuel cell to another DC
level.
– either to supply a DC load or to be used as an intermediate
voltage for an adjacent power electronic conversion such as
a DC/AC converter.
• DC/DC converters coupled together with AC/DC converters
enable the use of high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission which
has been adopted in transmission lines throughout the world.
 Power Electronics (PE) Systems Applications
• Static applications
– involves non-rotating or static mechanical
components.
• Examples: DC Power supply, Un-interruptible
power supply, Power generation and
transmission (HVDC) etc.
• Drive applications
– Mostly contains moving or rotating components
such as
• Examples: Electric trains, Electric vehicles,
motors.
Air- conditioning
System, Pumps,
Conveyer Compressor,
Belt.
Power Electronics System- Static Application
Power Electronics System- Drive Application
 Power Electronics Application Areas
• Domestic Applications: Cooking equipments, Lighting & heating
circuits, Air conditioners, Refrigerators, Freezers, Personal
Computers.
• Commercial Applications: Air conditioners, Central refrigeration,
UPS, Emergency lamps, Heating systems.
• Industrial applications: Motors Drivers, Induction heating, Welding
• Transportation applications: Automotive electronics, Battery
chargers for electric vehicles, Aircraft power systems
• Utility stems applications: Transmission& generation, HVDC, wind,
photovoltaic, fuel cells Energy storage systems
• Power supplies for electronic equipment: Electronic instruments,
Telecommunications, Portable or mobiles
• Applications in space technology: Satellite power systems, Space
vehicle power systems