AGRICULTURE

AND RURAL ECODEV

DEVELOPMENT
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
✔Examine the effects of modernization and
industrialization of agriculture on economic growth and
development.
✔Elaborate on export promotion and its significance to
international trading; list infrastructure development in
agriculture.
✔Explain the targets of the world for sustainable
agriculture to end hunger, achieve food security, and
improve nutrition.
✔Discuss ecotourism and its relationship and implications
for rural development.
• The development of areas outside the urbanized
economic system is what rural development is all about.
• The center of the development of rural areas is the
exploitation of natural resources such as agriculture,
forestry, and fisheries.
• In the Philippines, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries (AFF)
contribute to employment and provide industries with raw
materials.
 MODERNIZATION AND
INDUSTRIALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE
• Agriculture in economic growth and development means
the income is higher and the food is cheaper and easier
to obtain.
• Efficiency in agriculture and rural development is defined
by the sustainable food production in one’s country
relative to the cost of its production.
• In order to be more efficient in the business of agriculture,
farms are becoming more specialized in terms of production
to optimize the costs and realize the maximum profit.
• The increasing population translated into more demand for
food that is available in the market. This can only be fulfilled
if we can produce and harvest more AFF products fast and
efficiently. Mechanization allows tremendous production of
food and raw materials compared to human labor.
• There is an increasing reliance on farms on synthetic and
mineral fertilizers as well as pesticides to boost production
and eliminate the cause of possible diseases and pests.
• Most government policies in Asia encourage the
consolidation of farms into one large farming facility to
enjoy economies of scale as well as speed up the processes
involved in the production of agricultural products.
 EXPORT PROMOTION
• Exportation of AFF products is a conjoined effort of
different agencies of the government relevant to
the production, marketing, improving, and
transporting of raw materials and processed goods
to other countries.
• According to the DA website, the Philippines has only two
agricultural products earning $1 billion per year – bananas
and coconuts.
 EXPORT PROMOTION
• The main goals in the exportation of AFF products
are in the quality and quantity generating high-
quality goods in large amounts that would suffice
the need of the international trading partners. The
price of a good that is exported really shows how
borders take so much factorization from the
source to the receiving country in terms of price.
 INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT
• Infrastructure is beneficial to agricultural and rural
development as it serves as the backbone of the
AFF industry and stabilizes the movement of
products within and outside the rural areas. One of
the major concerns of farmers is how to transport
goods and some services from there are to be sold
to markets.
 INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT
• Another infrastructure that needs to be continuously
developed is irrigation for land farmers to meet the
needs even of small or backyard farmers.

• Success in agriculture infrastructure development may

be attributed to building the right roads and markets,
rural education, intensive research and development in
agriculture, and a stable economic environment.
 GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISMS
• Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are
organisms in which the genetic material is altered
using modern biotechnology, typically a
recombination of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to
create new genes.
• The top value GMOs in the USA are cotton, soy, and corn,
followed by rice and other crops.
 GREEN REVOLUTION
• The term “green revolution” is attached to a Nobel
Peace Prize winner, Norman Borlaug, in his
attempt to improve crop yield in South America
and later brought to Asia through Pakistan and
India.
• Essentially, it is the combination of more modern
mechanized vehicles, better crops and hybrids,
larger farmlands, and the application of large-
scale business management skills to growing food.
 GREEN REVOLUTION

• Micronutrients are another product of the

green revolution. It is the idea of infusing
more nutrients into the produced crops. This
is the solution to the ever-growing problem
of malnutrition that greatly causes more
deaths and productivity market inefficiency.
• The Philippines determined the high-value
crops and created a roadmap to develop in
industries like the abaca, cacao and mango.
• Buyers in urban and rural areas and sellers
may use the platform that is launched by the
Philippine Department of Agriculture (RP-DA)
to assist the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
sector offer and selling their products to major
urban areas nationwide. Payment may be
made via cash on delivery (COD) or bank
transfer.
 SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

The United Nations Department of Economic

and Social Affairs (UN-DESA) released the 17
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) adopted by all
member countries of the UN.
SDG 2 “end hunger, achieve food security,
improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture.”
• By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all
people, in particular, the poor, and people
vulnerable, including infants, to safe,
nutritious, and sufficient food all year round.
• By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition,
including achieving, by 2025, the
internationally agreed targets on stunting and
wasting in children under 5 years of age, and
address the nutritional needs of adolescent
girls, pregnant and lactating women, and older
persons.
• By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and income
of small-scale food producers, in particular, women,
indigenous peoples, family farmers, pastoralists, and
fishers, through secure and equal access to land, other
productive resources and inputs, knowledge, financial
services, markets and opportunities for value addition,
and non-farm employment.
• By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and
implement resilient agricultural practices that increase
productivity and production, help maintain ecosystems,
strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change,
extreme weather, drought, flooding, and other disasters,
and progressively improve land and soil quality.
• By 2030, maintain the genetic diversity of
seeds, cultivated plants, and farmed and
domesticated animals and their related wild
species, through soundly managed and
diversified seed and plant banks at the
national, regional, and international levels,
and promote access to fair and equitable
sharing of benefits arising from the utilization
of genetic resources and associated
traditional knowledge, as internationally
agreed.
 OCEAN, SEAS, AND MARINE
RESOURCES
The ocean, seas, and marine resources are
considered vital agricultural aspects that are much-
given attention. They serve as a main source of food
security and other forms of medical derivatives and
even a source of energy. However, the marine
ecosystem is continually threatened by
industrialization and the exploitation of its resources.
UN-DESA SDG CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE
USE OF OCEAN, SEAS, AND MARINE RESOURCES
✔By 2025, significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, from land-
based activities in particular, including marine debris and nutrient
pollution.
✔By 2020 sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal
ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts by strengthening
their resilience and taking action for their restoration in order to
achieve healthy and productive oceans.
✔Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification through
enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels.
UN-DESA SDG CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE
USE OF OCEAN, SEAS, AND MARINE RESOURCES
✔By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing,
illegal unreported and unregulated fishing, and destructive fishing
practices and implement science-based management plans in
order to restore fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least
to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as
determined by their biological characteristics.
✔By 2020, conserve at least 10% of coastal and marine areas,
consistent with national and international law and based on the
best available scientific information.
UN-DESA SDG CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE
USE OF OCEAN, SEAS, AND MARINE RESOURCES
✔By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies that contribute to
overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal,
unreported, and unregulated fishing, and refrain from introducing new such
subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and
differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should
be an integral part of WTO fisheries subsidies negotiation.
✔By 2030, increase economic benefits to small island developing states and
least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine resources
through sustainable management of fisheries, aquaculture, and tourism.
 ECOTOURISM

Tourism is often described as the world’s

largest industry, while a small component of
the overall industry, ecotourism, is believed
to be one of the fastest-growing sub-sectors.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF ECOTOURISM

1. Ecotourism occurs “in nature”;

2. Considered to be “low impact”, with minimal disturbance to the
environment;
3. A portion of the profit should be in conservation efforts;
4. There is education to both tourists and local people about
nature and its value;
5. Ecotourism development should be undertaken, ideally with
local participation in planning and management.
Ecotourism is centers on environmental
sustainability by preserving the resources and
allowing them to recuperate and produce
more for future generations.
▪ It is beneficial to the locality by providing revenue from tourists and
promoting of the cultural heritage of the area and empowering the
identity of the people, hence economic development.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
ECOTOURISM

> Conservation of the > Disturbance to wild

ecosystem species of flora and fauna
> Allowing environmental > May lead to the
recuperation overproduction of species
> Environmental > May cause pollutants by
awareness tourists
> Promotion of culture and > Budget of more
indigenous peoples significant purpose may be
> Financial and economic diverted to ecotourism
benefits > Negative externalities
 CHALLENGES OF ECOTOURISM

1. Mismanagement of the government funds in ecotourism;

2. Lack of skills of the people in the rural areas to properly
operate sustainable leisure.
3. There may be a possible conflict between tourism
management and indigenous peoples that may be affected
by a surge of tourists.
4. The deficiency of infrastructure in the area that may support
ecotourism.
There must be a balance between the
environment and the socioeconomic impact
of ecotourism in order to realize its value to
economic development.
 Essay Question:

1. How does the modernization and

industrialization of agriculture impact economic
growth and development in rural areas? Discuss
the relationship between agricultural efficiency
and food security.