EE 304 Electronic Circuits

Prof. Songcheol Hong

schong1234@kaist.ac.kr
http://weis.kaist.ac.kr/

This course material is made by help of Prof. Donghyun Baek.

 Logistics
•Lectures: Mon & Wed: 1:00 pm to 2:20 pm,
E11 Creative education building ( 창의 학습관 ), Terman-Hall

•Pre-requisites: Circuit theory, Physical electronics

•Text book: Sedra & Smith, Microelectronic circuits, 7~8 editions.
•Course materials: will be uploaded in KLMS with Assignments
which will be appeared at the last part of the material.
•Instructor: Prof. Songcheol Hong
Saenul building 2409, 042-350-3449
Office hours: Mon. 10:00- 12:00pm
•TAs:
홍정의 (Mr. Hong) 010-4252-7377 hong960601@kaist.ac.kr
이현직 (Mr. Lee) Representativ 010-8945-2298 dlguswlr0811@kaist.ac.kr
김상윤 (Mr. Kim) 010-3809-3947 kmjmksy@kaist.ac.kr
손채담 (Ms. Son) 010-8871-5929 scd5929@kaist.ac.kr
고민정 (Ms. Koh) 010-2102-3511 minjeong@kaist.ac.kr
박선우 (Mr. Park) 010-2227-5886 psw180413@kaist.ac.kr 2
 Yet Logistics
• Course web site: Klms.kaist.ac.kr; EE304B;
Lecture materials and HWs are uploaded here.
• Grading:
30% Home works and Participations
30% Mid-term Exam.
40% Final Exam.

• Assignments: A question is presented by a

team at the first part of the following lecture.
This is to make students participate the lecture actively.(Edu. 4.0 Q)
The length of the presentation is less than 5 min. per question (less
than 5 ppts)

3
 What to learn in lecture1
0. What is Microelectronics? Why?
1. Introduction to Electronics
1.1 Signals
1.2 Frequency Spectrum of Signals
1.3 Analog and Digital Signals
1.4 Amplifiers
1.5 Circuit Models for Amplifiers
1.6 Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Why is IT so important?

5
What is the most profitable technology?

• It is varying with time and situation.

• The one which adds values most!
• New one which can monopolize related
business.
 IT

SWs are influenced by Hardware

 HWs are also influenced by Software.

Microelectronics
7
 What is Microelectronics ?
• Electronic systems
Hardware // Software
(Intel, Samsung // MS, Google, Meta)

• Microelectronics
– Integrated circuits discrete circuits
– Semiconductor age
• Most of circuit components are made on the
surface of semiconductor with IC fabrication
process.
Electronics

Analog, Digital

MOSFET, Bipolar, Diode

 Why Microelectronics?
• Solid state – High fidelity
• Small and Integrated
– Low energy
– High speed
– Ease to use

• R,L,C + sources : : Circuit theory

• R,L,C + Transistor : Microelectronics
Semiconductor Process
Si wafer
 CMOS process

CMOS (NMOS + PMOS) + R, L, C + +++

 CMOS Inverter

Transistors are cheaper than R, L, C.

Semiconductor products

15
 What to learn in lecture1
0. What is Microelectronics? Why?
1. Introduction to Electronics
1.1 Signals
1.2 Frequency Spectrum of Signals
1.3 Analog and Digital Signals
1.4 Amplifiers
1.5 Circuit Models for Amplifiers
1.6 Frequency Response of Amplifiers
 1.1 Signals
• Brain signal, Vital, Electrical, Mechanical,
Sound, Optical,….. Which have Energy
• Electrical System

» Electrical signal
Signal
Nature Interface Interface Nature
Processing
Human Machine Machine Human

• Transducer converts signals to electrical signal

Electronic representation of signal
Signal = energy in media
The media in which the signal (energy) is transmitted is
also very important!

 s ( t )  Rs is ( t )
Figure 1.1 Two alternative representations of a signal source:
(a) the Thévenin form, and (b) the Norton form.
Electronical Signal Examples
 1.2 Frequency Spectrum of Signal

- The same signal can be represented either by the waveform that varies with time, as
for the voltage signal VS(t), or in terms of its frequency spectrum, Va()

VS t  Va  
1.2 Frequency Spectrum of Signal
• Arbitrary signals
 Fourier series (or sum of frequency modes)
• Fourier transform
 Calculate the coefficients of the series
• Periodic signals can be represented by
 Sum of harmonics
• Audio band
•20 Hz ~ 20 KHz

• Frequency spectrum Time domain signal

Mathmatical treatment
Integral Transform Relation
A sine wave: a mode, single frequency

 ( t ) Va sin  t
a
(1.1)
Figure 1.4 Sine-wave voltage signal of amplitude Va and frequency f = 1/T Hz.
The angular frequency v = 2pf rad/s.
 4V 1 1
  t )  (sin  0 t  sin 3 0 t  sin 5 0 t  ) (1.2)
 3 5
Figure 1.5 A symmetrical square-wave signal of amplitude V.
Figure 1.6 The frequency spectrum (also known as the line spectrum)
of the periodic square wave of Fig. 1.5.
 Frequency Spectrum
• Fourier series, Fourier transform
• Modes
• Fundamental frequency, Harmonics
• Frequency domain analysis
 1.3 Analog and Digital Signals

Figure 1.8 Sampling the continuous-time analog signal in

(a) results in the discrete-time signal in (b).
 Analog-Digital, Terminologies
• Analog Circuit-Digital Circuit
• Sampling
• Discrete time signal
• Quantized, Digitized
• ADC, DAC, LSB, MSB
• Quantized Error
• Binary
• Mixed mode circuit, Mixed signal
 Binary Digital Signal

Figure 1.9 Variation of a particular binary digital signal with time.

 A/D converter

D b0 20  b1 21  b2 22   bN  1 2 N  1 (1.3)

Fig. 1. 10. Block-diagram representation of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC).

 1.4 Amplifiers

Nature Preamplifier Power amplifier Nature

Very small signal Actuation

Electronic System
 Signal Amplification

Signal Amplifier
Linearity, Distortion
Voltage amplifier
Power amplifier

 0 ( t )  A i ( t ) (1.4)

Figure 1.11 (a) Circuit symbol for amplifier. (b) An amplifier with a common terminal (ground)
between the input and output ports.
 
Voltage gain (A )  (1.5)
I

Transfer characteristics
Figure 1.12 (a) A voltage amplifier fed with a signal vI(t) and connected to a load resistance
RL. (b) Transfer characteristic of a linear voltage amplifier with voltage gain Av.
 Gains
load power (PL )
Power gain (A p )  (1.6)
input power (PL )
 0 i0
 (1.7)
 I iI
i0
Current gain (A i )  (1.8)
iI
A p  A A i (1.9)
 Gains in dB

Voltage gain in decibels = 20 log A dB

Current gain in decibels = 20 log A dB

Power gain in decibels = 10 log Ap dB

1
A p (dB) =  A (dB) + A i (dB) 
2 
 Efficiency
Pdc  V1 I1 + V2 I 2 Pdc + PI  PL + Pdissipated

PL
Efficiency    100 (1.10)
Pdc

Figure 1.13 An amplifier that requires two dc supplies (shown as batteries) for operation.
EXAMPLE 1.2

9
A   9V/V
1
A  20 log9  19.1 dB
 9V
I0   9mA
1k

I0 9
Ai  
 = 90 A/A
I0 0.1

A i  20 log90  39.1 dB

9 9
PL  V0rms I 0rms  = 40.5 mW
2 2
1 0.1
PI  Virms I irms  = 0.05 mW
2 2
 PL 40.5
Ap    810 W/W
PI 0.05

A p  10 log810  29.1 dB

Pdc  10  9.5 + 10  9.5 = 190 mW

Pdissipated  Pdc + Pi - PL
= 190 + 0.05 - 40.5 = 149.6 mW
PL
   100 = 21.3 %
Pdc
 Amplifier saturation

Linear over only a limited area

Linear region  amplification
Saturated region  clipping
distortion

L L
 I 
A A

Figure 1.14 An amplifier transfer characteristic that is linear except for output saturation.
 Symbol Convention
Symbol
- DC signal: upper case symbol with upper case subscript
VC , I C , VD , I D

- AC signal : lower case symbol with lower case subscript

vc , ic , vd , id
- Total signal(Large signal) : lower case symbol with upper case
subscript

vC VC  vc , iC I C  ic , vD VC  ic , iD I D  id
 Why Biasing?
• Move operating point to linear
region
– Quiescent point
– dc bias point
• Nonlinear T.C. Linear {R, L,
LargeC}
signal
Biasing
 0 ( t )  V0 +  0 ( t )  I ( t )  A i ( t )
Small signal approximation
Linear relation
Small signal (signal)
dc bias point
Nonlinear transfer characteristics and Biasing

Most of microelectric devices provide NTC

 0 ( t )  V0 +  0 ( t )

 I ( t )  VI +  i ( t )

d 
A =
d  at Q

Figure 1.14-1 (a) An amplifier transfer characteristic that shows considerable nonlinearity. (b)
To obtain linear operation the amplifier is biased as shown, and the signal amplitude is kept
small.
 1.5 Circuit models for amplifiers
Voltage amplifier  Ri, Ro, Avo (open circuit voltage gain)

RL  RL
   A o i A   A o (1.12)
RL  R i RL  R0
Open Circuit Voltage Gain Overall voltage gain
Ri 0 Ri RL
 i  s (1.13)  A o
Ri  Rs s Ri  Rs RL  R0
Figure 1.16 (a) Circuit model for the voltage amplifier. (b) The voltage amplifier with
input signal source and load.
 To have high voltage gain

R L , R i, R o
Buffer amplifier Ri , Ro , Avo ~ 1
 Cascaded amplifier

Figure 1.17 Three-stage amplifier for Example 1.3.

 EXAMPLE 1.3
  1 M
 0.909 V/V
 s 1 M  100 k
i 2 100 k
A   10 9.9 V/V
 i1 100 k  1 k

i 3 10 k
A 2  100 90.9 V/V
i 2 10 k  1 k

L 100 
A 3  1 0.909 V/V
i 3 100   10 
L
A   A A 2 A 3 818 V/V
 i1
 L  L  i1 
  A i 1
 s  i1  s s
= 818  0.909 = 743.6 V/V
i 0  L 100
Ai  
ii  i 1 1 M
= 104 A  8.18 106 A/A
PL  L i 0
Ap  
PI  i 1i i
= A  A i 818 8.18 10 6 =66.9 10 8 W/W

1
A p (dB) =  A (dB) + A i (dB) 
2
Relations of the models
How to determine Ri and Ro

 Ro 
A  A is   (1.14)
 Ri 

A Gis Ro (1.15)

Rm
A  (1.16)
Ri
 EXAMPLE 1.4
r
 be  s (1.17)
r  Rs

 o  gm be (RL  ro ) (1.18)

o r
 gm (RL  ro ) (1.19)
s r  Rs
o 2.5
 40 ( 5  100 )
s 2.5  5
=  63.5 V/V
o 2.5
 40 5
s 2.5  5
=  66.7 V/V

 i = gm be
b

 = gm r

 = 40 mA/V  2.5 k
= 100 A/A
1.6 Frequency response of amplifiers

Frequency Dependent Gain

|AV|

f0 f
1.6 Frequency response of amplifiers
• ac analysis in p-spice
• Linear amplifier (consisted of linear components )

Transfer function (amplifier transmission)

Vo
T ( ) 
Vi
T ( ) 
Amplitude response/ phase response
Figure 1.20 Measuring the frequency response of a linear amplifier. At the test frequency v,
the amplifier gain is characterized by its magnitude (Vo/Vi) and phase f.
 Bandwidth
-3dB

Physical frequencies Complex frequency variable

Figure 1.21 Typical magnitude response of an amplifier. |T(v)| is the magnitude of the
amplifier transfer function—that is, the ratio of the output Vo(v) to the input Vi(v).
 Impedance 

Complex frequency variable

: Physical frequency
 Low pass network

single time constant circuit: an example

(b) Dual ?

Corner frequency
Break frequency
3dB frequency
Figure 1.22 Two examples of STC networks: (a) a low-pass network and (b) a high-pass
network.
Bode Plot of Single Time Constant Network
Corner frequency
Break frequency
3dB frequency

Figure 1.23 (a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the low-pass type.
Step response of low pass STC network
Difference

Final value Initial value

Pulse response of low pass STC network
Figure 1.25 Circuit for Example 1.5.
 EXAMPLE 1.5

Zi
Vi Vs
Z i  Rs
1
Vi Vs
1  RsYi
1
 Vs
1  Rs  (1 / Ri )  sC i 

Vi 1
=
Vs 1   ( Rs / Ri )  sC i Rs 
Vi 1 1
= (1.20)
Vs 1+( Rs / Ri ) 1  sC i  ( Rs Ri ) /( Rs  Ri )
 RL
Vo   Vi
RL  Ro
Vo 1 1 1
= (1.21)
Vs 1+( Rs / Ri ) 1+( Ro / RL ) 1  sC i  ( Rs Ri ) /( Rs  Ri ) 

Rs Ri
 C i C i ( Rs // Ri ) (1.22)
Rs  Ri

Vo 1 1
K ( s 0)   (1.23)
Vs 1  ( Rs / Ri ) 1  ( Ro / RL )
1 1
0   (1.24)
 C i ( Rs // Ri )
 1 1
K 144 100 V/V
1  (20 / 100) 1  (200 / 100)

1
0 
60pF (20k//100k )
1 6
= -12 3
10 rad/s
60 10 (20 100 /(20  100)) 10

106
f0  159.2kHz
2

Vo 100
T ( j )  ( j ) 
Vi 1  j ( / 106 )
  ( t ) 10sin102 t , V

  ( t ) 9.95sin(105 t  5.7 ), V

  ( t ) 7.07 sin(106 t  45 ), V

T 1 and   tan -1 100  89.4

  ( t ) 0.1sin(108 t  89.4 ), V
 Classification of Amplifiers

Lowpass amplifier

Tuned amplifier
Bandpass amplifiers
Band pass filters

Figure 1.26 Frequency response for (a) a capacitively coupled amplifier, (b) a direct-coupled
amplifier, and (c) a tuned or bandpass amplifier.
Figure 1.27 Use of a capacitor to couple amplifier stages.
 Assignments
1.Explain what are the small signal approximation and biasing.
2.Discuss input and output resistance conditions of an
amplifier to transfer voltage and power maximally.
3.Consider a single time constant high pass network with RC
time constant.
a. Draw the amplitude and phase responses with respect to
frequency.
b. Draw a step response and a pulse response. Indicate the time
constant in the plot.
 Frequency response of
general transfer function
 Frequency response description (Transfer function)
- Frequency response description (Transfer function)
 Z1   Z2   Zm 
 1  1   1  - Z1,Z2,…,Zm: Transfer function Zero
 s  s   s 
T  s  am
 P1   P2   Pn  - P1,P2,…,Pn: Transfer function Pole
1 1   1 
 s  s   s 

- First-Order Function
a0
a1 s  a0 1
T s   a1 s
s  0 
1 0
s

- First-Order LPF First-Order HPF

a a1 s
T s   0 T s  
s  0 s  0
 Frequency response of
general transfer function
 Magnitude of Transfer function
 Z1   Z2   Zm 
1 j  
1  1 
j   j 
T  s  am 
 P1   P2   Pn 
1 j  
1  1 
j   j 

 Z   Z   Z   Z 
20 log T  s  20 log am   20 log  1  1   20 log  1  2    -20 log  1  1   20 log  1  2   
 s   s   s   s 

 Phase of Transfer function

e j1 e j2 e jm j 1 2 m  j 1 2 n 
T  s  am j1 j2  a e
e e e jn
m

  Z1   Z2   Zm  
 1 j  
1  1 
j   j  


ang  T  s  ang  am


 P1   P2   Pn  
 ang am e 
j 1  2  m  j 1 2 n 

 1 j  
1  1 
j   j  

 Z1   Z2   Zm   P1   P2   Pn 
= ang  1    ang  1     ang  1   - ang  1    ang  1    - ang  1  
 j   j   j   j   j   j 
 Frequency response of
general transfer function
Figure 1.24 (a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the high-pass type.