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Lesson 3 Stress and Strain

The document provides an overview of stress and strain, defining stress as force per unit area and outlining types of stress including normal, shear, and bearing stress. It explains the concept of strain as deformation relative to original dimensions and discusses the stress-strain curve, including key points such as proportional limit and yield point. Additionally, it includes several problems with solutions related to tensile loads and material properties.

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John Frix Alejano
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21 views20 pages

Lesson 3 Stress and Strain

The document provides an overview of stress and strain, defining stress as force per unit area and outlining types of stress including normal, shear, and bearing stress. It explains the concept of strain as deformation relative to original dimensions and discusses the stress-strain curve, including key points such as proportional limit and yield point. Additionally, it includes several problems with solutions related to tensile loads and material properties.

Uploaded by

John Frix Alejano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LESSON 2

STRESS ANS STRAIN


STRESS
Stress is defined as the strength of a material per unit area or unit strength.
It is the force on a member divided by area, which carries the force, formerly
express in psi, now in N/mm2 or MPa.

𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴
Where:
σ = stress applied, (lbf/in2, N/m2)
F = force applied, (lbf, N)
A = area of force application (in2, m2)
TYPES OF
STRESSES
1. Normal Stress
2. Shear Stress
3. Bearing Stress
TYPES

NORMAL • Tensile Stress: It is the force applied


per unit area which results in the
increase in length (or area) of a body.
STRESS Objects under tensile stress become
thinner and longer.
• Compressive Stress: It is the force
applied per unit area which results in
the decrease in length (or area) of a
body. The object under compressive
stress becomes thicker and shorter.
NORMAL STRESS

= P/A
Where:
P = applied normal load

A = area
• A shear stress: is the
component of stress
coplanar with a material
cross section. Shear stress
SHEAR arises from the force •
vector component parallel
STRESS
where: = shear stress
to the cross section.

F = force
A = area
• It differs to tensile and
compressive stresses,
which are caused by
forces perpendicular to
the area on which they
act.
BEARING STRESS

•Bearing stress is the contact pressure


between the separate bodies. It differs
from compressive stress, as it is an internal
stress caused by compressive forces.
BEARING STRESS

𝑃𝑏
𝜎 𝑏=
𝐴𝑏
PROBLEM 1:

A hollow steel tube with an inside


diameter of 100 mm must carry a
tensile load of 400 kN. Determine the
outside diameter of the tube if the
stress is limited to 120 MN/m 2.

Ans. 119.35 mm
PROBLEM 2
What force is required to punch a 20-mm-diameter hole in a plate that is 25
mm thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2.
Ans. 549.8 kN
PROBLEM 3
In figure, assume that a 20-mm-diameter rivet joins the plates that are
each 110 mm wide. The allowable stresses are 120 MPa for bearing in the
plate material and 60 MPa for shearing of rivet. Determine (a) the
minimum thickness of each plate; and (b) the largest average tensile stress
in the plates.
Ans. 6000 7.85 mm, 26.67 MPa
STRAIN

• According to the strain definition, it is defined as the amount of


deformation experienced by the body in the direction of force
applied, divided by initial dimensions of the body. The relation for
deformation in terms of length of a solid is given below.

Where:
ϵ = strain due to stress applied
= δl =change in length
L = original length of the material.
The strain is a dimensionless quantity
as it just defines the relative change
in shape.
STRESS AND STRAIN CURVE

• The stress-strain relationship for


materials is given by the
material’s stress-strain curve.
Under different loads, the stress
and corresponding strain values
are plotted. An example of a
stress-strain curve is given below.
THE STRESS-STRAIN GRAPH HAS DIFFERENT
POINTS OR REGIONS AS FOLLOWS:

•Proportional limit
•Elastic limit
•Yield point
•Ultimate stress point
•Fracture or breaking point
(i) Proportional Limit (iii) Yield Point
It is the region in the stress-strain curve The yield point is defined as the point
that obeys Hooke’s Law. In this limit, at which the material starts to deform
the ratio of stress with strain gives us plastically. After the yield point is
proportionality constant known as passed, permanent plastic deformation
young’s modulus. The point OA in the occurs. There are two yield points (i)
graph is called the proportional limit. upper yield point (ii) lower yield point.
(iv) Ultimate Stress Point
(ii) Elastic Limit It is a point that represents the
It is the point in the graph up to which maximum stress that a material can
the material returns to its original endure before failure. Beyond this
position when the load acting on it is point, failure occurs.
completely removed. Beyond this limit, (v) Fracture or Breaking Point
the material doesn’t return to its
original position and a plastic It is the point in the stress-strain curve
deformation starts to appear in it. at which the failure of the material
takes place
HOOKE’S LAW
• Hooke’s Law states that the strain of the material is proportional to the applied
stress within the elastic limit of that material.

• Hooke’s law is commonly expressed as:

F = –k . x
Where :
F = force
x = extension length
k = constant of proportionality known as spring constant in
N/m
PROBLEM 1

Ans. 2.44 N/mm2 , 0.00015


PROBLEM 5

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