RESEARCH DESIGN

RESEARCH DESIGN
A research design is a plan, structure and
strategy of investigation so conceived as to
obtain answers to research questions or
problems. The plan is the complete scheme or
program of the research. It includes an outline
of what the investigator will do from the writing
the hypotheses and their operational
implications to the final analysis of data
TYPES OF RESEARCH
DESIGN
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Descriptive research describes what is. It
involves the description, recording, analysis,
and interpretation of the present nature,
composition or processes of phenomena. The
focus is on prevailing conditions, or how a
person, group, or thing behaves or functions in
the present. It is also known as statistical
research, describes data and about the
population or phenomenon being studied.
CORRELATIONAL STUDIES
A correlational study is a scientific study in
which a researcher investigates associations
between variables. Correlational studies are
frequently used in psychology research to look
for relationships between variables. While
correlational studies can suggest that there is a
relationship between two variables-dependent
and independent, finding a correlation does not
prove that one variable causes a change in
another variable.
TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
True-experimental design is defined as a method
or procedure involving the control or
manipulation of conditions for the purpose of
studying the relative effects of various treatments
applied to members of a sample, or of the same
treatment applied to members of different
samples. A true-experimental research, therefore,
consist of manipulating an experimental variables
under highly controlled conditions to determine
how and why a particular events occurs.
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Are design that attempt to approximate the
true experimental design but lack random
assignment to experimental and control group.
Most field experiments in natural settings, such
a foot patrol investigation, are of this type. The
term refers to a type of research design that
shares many similarities with the traditional
experimental design or randomized controlled
trial, but specifically lacks the element of
random assignment.
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
Historical research or historical method of
research is a process of selecting the area of
topic to write the history about, collecting data
about events that occurred in the area or about
the topic, collating the data, shifting the
authentic from non- authentic, and then making
an interpretive narrative about or critical inquiry
into the whole truth of the events.
DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH
Developmental research has been defined as
the systematic study of designing, developing,
and evaluating instructional programs,
processes, and products that must meet criteria
of internal consistency and effectiveness. A
fundamental distinction should be made
between reports of actual developmental
research-practice, and descriptions of design
and development procedural models-theory.
CASE OR FIELD STUDY
It is a research methodology common in social
sciences. It is based on an in-depth
investigation of a single individual, group, or
event to explore causation in order to find
underlying principles. It is also defined as a
research strategy, an empirical inquiry that
investigates a phenomenon within its real- life
context.
CASUAL-COMPARATIVE DESIGNS
Causal-comparative research attempts to
identify a causative relationship between an
independent variable and a dependent variable.
However, this relationship is more suggestive
than proven as the researcher does not have
complete control over the independent variable.
It is an ex-post facto designs to look at existing
outcome and after the fact attempt to trace
back and determine what may have predicted
these outcomes.
INFERENTIAL STUDY
Inferential study is used to make inferences
about an unknown variable based on known
descriptions. This is also intended to generalize
findings from a study group to a larger
population. This research design is concerned
with making larger inferences about social
phenomena. This can include associations
between variables, how well the sample
represents a larger population, and cause-and-
effect relationships
ACTION RESEARCH
Action research is a reflective process of
progressive problem solving led by individuals
working with others in teams or as part of a
"community of practice" to improve the way they
address issues and solve problems. Action
research can also be undertaken by larger
organizations or institutions, assisted or guided by
professional researchers, with the aim of improving
their strategies, practices, and knowledge of the
environments within which they practice.
RESEARCH DESIGN
BASED ON NO. OF
CONTACT
CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES
Cross-sectional studies, also known as one-shot
studies, are the most commonly used design in
social sciences. This design is being suited to
studies aimed at finding out the prevalence of a
phenomena, situation, problem, attitude or
issue, by taking a cross-section of the
population.
BEFORE-AND-AFTER STUDIES
The main advantage of the before-and-after
design, also known as the test and post-test
designs, is that it can measure change in a
situation, phenomenon, issue, problem or
attitude. It is the most appropriate design for
measuring the impact or effectiveness of a
program.
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
To determine the pattern of change in relation
to time, longitudinal design is used, for
example, when studying the proportion of
people adopting a program in relation to time.
Longitudinal studies are also useful when there
is a need to collect factual information on a
continuing basis.
RESEARCH DESIGN
REFERENCE PERIOD
RETROSPECTIVE
Retrospective study design investigates a
phenomenon, situation, problem or issue that
has happened in the past. They are usually
conducted either on the basis of the data
available for that period or on the basis of
respondents recall of the situation.
PROSPECTIVE
Prospective study refers to the likely prevalence
of a phenomenon, situation, problem, attitude
or outcome in the future. Such studies attempt
to establish the outcome of an event or what is
likely to happen. Experiments are usually
classified at prospective studies.
RETROSPECTIVE-PROSPECTIVE
Retrospective-prospective studies focused on
past trends in a phenomenon and study it into
the future. A study is classified under this
category when researcher measures the impact
of an intervention without control group. Trend
studies, which become the basis of projection,
fall into this category.
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