ACADEMIC

WRITING
MRS MARINELA MAGHIAR
IUM COASTAL CAMPUS
m.maghiar@ium.edu.na
SHARE YOUR EXPERIENCE

➤ How do you do your research for any

assignment/project?

➤ How do you choose your sources?

➤ How do you remember where you took the

information from?
REFERENCING
APA STYLE
HOW DO YOU UNDERSTAND THESE TERMS ?

➤Plagiarism
➤Citations -
➤Reference List –
➤Bibliography –
➤Citation styles/ Referencing Styles
REFERENCING
➤ Plagiarism - When you use somebody else's work and claim it is your own.
➤ Citations - Whether paraphrasing, quoting the author directly, or describing an idea that
influenced your work, you must credit the source. In – text Citations - An in-text citation
acknowledges to the readers of your work that you took the information from someone else.
E.g. (Shilongo, 2011, p. 3).
➤ Reference List – A Reference List consists of fuller bibliographic information/details for
all works cited in-text. It assists readers to identify, find and access items. Each source is
cited in-text must be included in the Reference List. Must have first been cited in-text.
➤ Bibliography – Unlike the Reference List which only includes items cited in-text, a
Bibliography includes the details of works cited in –text as well as for works merely
consulted and /or recommended for further reading.
➤ Citation styles/ Referencing Styles - There are a number of styles used by various
disciplines, subjects, institutions and/ or departments. Such as the American Psychological
Association (APA), Harvard, MLA, Turabian etc.
➤ The in-text and reference list citation should match
TWO COMPONENTS OF A CITATION: IN-TEXT & IN THE REFERENCE LIST
TWO COMPONENTS OF A CITATION: IN-TEXT & IN THE REFERENCE LIST

.
IN-TEXT CITATION
➤ The in-text citation is made up of two to three elements.
➤ Author’s surname
➤ Date/year
➤ Page or paragraph number if available
➤ There are two possibilities for a in-text citation
➤ Parenthetical citation
➤ E.g. E-cigarettes have been shown to damage brain cells (Zahedi,
2019).
➤ Narrative citation
➤ E.g. According to Zahedi (2019), e-cigarettes damage brain cells.
➤ Zahedi's study (2019) showed that e-cigarettes cause brain cell
damage.
 PARENTHETICAL OR NARRATIVE CITATION
CITATION

➤ Another study examined leadership styles and student

academic achievement in Tanzania's Tabora municipality
(Kambambovu, 2018)

➤ Kambambovu (2018) also found that democratic

leadership styles mostly influence students' academic
achievement/performance.
➤ Research by Hallinger (1982) and Hangula et al. (2019)
emphasizes the importance of leadership in educational
settings.
➤ These exams, categorized as semi-external and external
assessments, had their results published on a national
level, emphasizing the public nature of academic
performance (Amukugo, 2017
IN-TEXT CITATION
➤ If you are quoting the exact words of someone else, introduce the quote with an in-
text citation in parentheses. Any sentence punctuation goes after the closing
parenthesis.
➤ According to Brown (2019), "direct quote" (p. 1021).
➤ Brown (2019) found that "direct quote" (p. 1021).
➤ [Some other introduction] "direct quote" (Brown, 2019, p. 1021).
ACTIVITY :
➤ This behavior has an impact on the school climate and,
consequently, his or her teachers' performance, which
has an impact on student achievement. (Bass B. M.,
2010 ).
➤ Furthermore, Rautiola goes on to clarify that
transformational leadership necessitates a change in
the organizational culture in order to be successful, in
contrast to transactional leadership, which does not.
➤ In addition, Robinson, Lloyd, and Rowe (2008) in
Rautiola (2009) shed more light on instructional
leadership.
➤ According to Gyasi, Bao Xi, and Owusu-Ampomah
(2016), this leadership style is based on the tenet that
the organization is everyone's responsibility, even
RULES FOR REFERENCE LIST OR BIBLIOGRAPHY
➤ References are inserted at the end of the text, on a new page, separate from the
rest of the text.
➤ References at the end of your work should always be alphabetically arranged
( letter by letter) starting with the surname or the first word of a title that is not
an article (e.g. a, an, the)
➤ The heading “REFERENCES” or “BIBLIOGRAPHY” is typed at the top of the
page, in the centre. It is NOT underlined or put within quotation marks;
References are always double-spaced
➤ Reference List/REFERENCES use a HANGING INDENTATION, e.g. The
second and subsequent line for each reference is indented by half an inch
from the left margin. This helps to show clearly where each new citation
begins.
E.g.
Titus, M.S. (2001). Arranged marriages in underdeveloped countries in Africa.
Windhoek, Namibia: Zebra.
WHEN TO USE “AND” AND & ?

➤ We use & for Parenthetical citation

➤ E.g. E-cigarettes have been shown to damage brain cells
(Zahedi &, 2019).
➤ We use “and” for Narrative citation
➤ Kambambovu and Johannes (2018) found that, despite
the association being very strong (R=0.546), it was not
statistically significant with a p value of 0.08.
BOOK
Capitalise only the first letter of
Invert names so that the the first word. For a two-part
Place the title, capitalise the first word of
last name comes first, copyright year in
followed by a comma and the second part of the title.
parentheses. Also capitalise proper nouns.
the initials. Leave a space
between initials. Retain the End with a Italicise the title. End with a
order of authors’ names. period. period.

Does the book have an

Does the book have a DOI?
edition or volume number?
Include a DOI if available.
Include the name of the If so, include the number in
Do not include a URL or
publisher, followed by a parentheses after the title
database information for
period. Do not include the but before the period. If
works from academic
publisher location. Are both, show edition first and
research databases.
there multiple publishers? volume second, separated
Include a URL for ebooks
If so, separate them with a by a comma. Do not put a
from other websites. Do not
semicolon. period between the title
put a period after the DOI
and the parenthetical
or URL.
information.
 JOURNAL ARTICLE
Invert names so that the Place the Capitalise only the first letter of
last name comes first, copyright year in the first word. For a two-part
followed by a comma and parentheses. title, capitalise the first word of
the initials. Leave a space the second part of the title.
End with a Also capitalise proper nouns.
between initials. Retain the period.
order of authors’ names. Do not italicise the title. End
with a period.

Does the
Do not italicize the
Italicise the article have
Capitalise all issue number or Include the
volume number. a DOI?
major words in the parentheses. article page
Do not put a Include a
periodical name. Follow the range. Use an
space between DOI for all
Follow with a parentheses with a en dash; do
the volume works that
comma. Italicize comma. No issue not put spaces
number and the have one. Do
the periodical number? That’s around the en
parentheses not put a
name (but not the okay. Follow the dash. End with
around the issue period after
comma after). volume number a period.
number. the DOI.
with a comma.
 CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Capitalise only the first letter of
Place the the first word. For a two-part
Invert names so that the last copyright year in title, capitalise the first word of
name comes first, followed by a parentheses. the second part of the title.
comma and the initials. Leave a Also capitalise proper nouns.
End with a
space between initials. Retain Do not italicise. End with a
period.
the order of authors’ names. period.

Does the book have a DOI? Include

a DOI if available.
Include the chapter page
Do not include a URL or database
range. End with a period.
information for works from
Does the book have an
academic research databases.
Include a URL for ebooks from edition or volume number? If
Write the word “In” so, include the number in
other websites. Do not put a period
and the initials and parentheses before the page
after the DOI or URL.
last name (not range. If both, show edition
inverted) of each first and volume second,
editor. Use “(Ed.)” for Include the name of the publisher separated by a comma,
one editor or “(Eds.)” followed by a period. Do not before the page range. Do
for multiple editors. include the publisher location. If not put a period between the
End with a comma. there are multiple publishers, title and the parenthetical
separate them with a semicolon. information.
 WEB PAGE/ARTICLE
Invert names so that the last name Place the publication date
comes first, followed by a comma and in parentheses. Provide as
the initials. Leave a space between specific a date as is
initials. Retain the order of authors’ available, but may be only
names. Always use the & before the last the year. If there is no date
author. If there is no author, spell out the use (n.d.). End with a
name of the organisation or site. period.

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, (Year, Month

C. C. Date).
Title of the Sourc
URL
work. e. The direct link to the web
page should be provided,
Capitalise all starting with https://…….
major words in the
title of the Usually the official name of
page/article. the website. If the source
Italicise only if the would be the same as the
Source (i.e. the author, you can omit the
official name of source to avoid repetition. If
the website) is there is
omitted.
 NEWSPAPER ARTICLE
Place the date of
publication in parentheses. Only the first word of
Invert names so that the last Provide as specific a date the title and subtitle
name comes first, followed by as is available, but may be and proper nouns are
a comma and the initials. only the year. If there is no capitalised. Do not
Leave a space between initials. date use (n.d.). End with a italicise.
period.

(Year, Month Title of the

Author, A. A. work.
Date).
Name of Pages.
newspaper, Provide the page or pages of
the article after the newspaper
title. Do not include the
Italicise and capitalise each abbreviations “p.” or “pp.”
word in the publication, before the page(s).
followed by a comma. For online publications, the
direct link to the web page
should be provided, starting
with https://…….
REFERENCES

Alvesson, M., & Skoldberg, K. (2000). Reflexive methodology new vistas for qualitative research.

London, UK: Sage.

Atchison, M., Pollock, S., Reeders, E., & Rizzetti, J. (1999). Guide to WIL. Melbourne, Australia: RMIT.

Davis, M. (2003). Barriers to reflective practice: The changing nature of higher education.

Active Learning in Higher Education, 4(3), 243‐255.

Doherty, M., Larkings, M., Roberts, J., & Shinnick, P. (2008). Work Integrated Learning Project

Working Group Committee Paper. Newcastle, Australia: The University of Newcastle.

Gaddefors, J. (2007). Metaphors use in the entrepreneurial process. International Journal of

Entrepreneurial Behaviour Research, 13(3), 173 – 193.

REFERENCES (cont.)

Heerde, J., & Murphy, B. (2009). Work‐Integrated Learning: An annotated

bibliography of recently published refereed journal articles. Deakin

University.

Inns, D. (2002). Metaphors in the literature of organisation analysis: A

preliminary taxonomy and a glimpse at a humanities-based

perspective organisation. English Journal, 9(2), 305 - 330.

O'Neil, J. M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys: A metaphor for

healing, transition, and transformation. In B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender issues

across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York, NY: Springer.
Work Discussed in a Secondary Source

➤ Ideally, in research one should try to read and cite the original work (primary
source). If that is not possible, both authors need to be cited.
➤ Give the secondary source in the references list; in the text, name the original
work, and give a citation for the secondary source. For example, if Seidenberg
and McClelland's work is cited in Coltheart et al. and you did not read the
original work, list the Coltheart et al. reference in the References. In the text,
use the following citation:
➤ In Seidenberg and McClelland's study (as cited in Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, &
Haller, 1993), …
➤ Under REFERENCES, the following should appear:
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading
aloud: Dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing
approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.
ACTIVITY (WORKSHEET 1)
➤ The quotation below was taken from a chapter in a book on page 347. The information of
the chapter and book are as follows:
Authors of the chapter: Trevor Garat and Marey Paul
Title of the chapter: Conflict management
Pages: 345-360
Book editors: Andreas Tom Greig, Natalie Dort, Regina Chad and Fredrick Noah
Date: 25 April 2014
Publisher: Zebra Publishers
Place of publication: Windhoek, Namibia
Title of the book: Organisational Behaviour
Subtitle of the book: An Introduction
Edition: 5th
“The perceived difficulty in meeting the conflict demands of different sets of expectations
and obligations when performing one role is known as role strain”.
1. Show in two different ways how the quotation above can be written in-text.
2. Write the source above as it would appear in the Reference list.
ANSWER:

1. “The perceived difficulty in meeting the conflict demands of

different sets of expectations and obligations when performing one role
is known as role strain” (Garat & Paul, 2014, p.347).

According to Garat and Paul (2014, p. 347), “the perceived difficulty in

meeting the conflict demands of different sets of expectations and
obligations when performing one role is known as role strain”.

2. Garat, T., & Paul, M. (2014). Conflict management. In A. T. Greig.,

N. Dort., R. Chad., & F. Noah (Eds.), Organisational behaviour: An
introduction (5th ed., 345-360). Windhoek, Namibia: Zebra Publishers.
PRACTICAL WORK :

Choose a topic of your preference and compile a relevant list of references.

Among your sources you need to include the following:

•5 printed books (one author, two authors, three or more authors)

•One chapter in an edited book
•One newspaper article
•One journal article (printed or online)
•2 online articles (websites, relevant to your topic)

Your list needs to follow the guidelines discussed in class (title, alphabetical order,
hanging indentation etc.)