Know Want to know Learned

Topic 2
DERIVATIVES
At the end of the lesson, students are able
to:
1) use the f x rules f ' x  0
k of differentiation:
i) if f x  x , then
n f ' x   .
nx n 1

ii) if f  x  kx n
, then f  x   knx n 1
.
iii) if , then .
2) use the Sum or Difference Rule.
3) use the Product Rule.
4) use the Quotient Rule.
5) use the Chain Rule.
(n)
6) use the Power Rule. f ( x)
7) clarify higher order derivatives, .
 2.3 INTRODUCTION
2.3 INTRODUCTION TO
TO
TECHNIQUES OF
TECHNIQUES OF
DIFFERENTIATION
DIFFERENTIATION
1)
1) The
The Derivative
Derivative of
of aa Constant
Constant Function
Function

If f(x) = k , where k is any constant ,

then f ’(x) = 0
 Example

Find the derivatives of

a) f(x) = 8
b) f(x) = 0.73
c) f(x) = 3
Using the constant rule,

a) f ’(x) = 0

b) f ’(x) = 0

c) f ’(x) = 0
2) The Derivative of a function of the
form xn .

If n is a real number, the derivative

of f(x) = xn is f (x) = nxn-1
Example

a) If f ( x ) = x ,
4  f ’( x ) = 4 x3

d 32 3 12
b) (x )  x
dx 2

1
c) If f( x )  2
x
 2 1 3 2
 f ' (x)  2x  2x  3
x
3) The derivative of a function of the
form k xn .

If k and n are real number,

the derivative of f(x) = k xn is
f (x) = knxn-1
Example

a) If f( x ) = 3 x 4 ,

 f ’(x) = 3 ( 4 ) x 3

= 12 x3
Example

b)
d
dx
 
3x 5 = 3 (- 5 ) x - 6

= -15 x - 6
Example

12  1
c) m(x)  12( x) 2
x
1
 1   2 1
Thus, m' (x) (12)  x
 2
3
6 
 3  6x 2
x2
Example
1
d) p(x)  2x  2x 2
1
 p' (x)    2
1
2
x2
1

1
2 
 x 2
2
2 1
 
2 x 2x
 4) The derivative of a sum or difference

If f( x ) and g( x ) are differentiable

functions, the derivative of h(x)  f(x) g(x)
is
h' (x)  f ' (x) g' (x)
Example

d 2
a) (6 x  3 x )
dx
= 6 ( 2 ) x1 + 3( 1 ) x0

= 12x + 3
 1
b) Let f(x) = ( 7x + x
3 1/3
- )
x

1 2  1   32
f ’(x) = ( 7(3) x  x 3   
2
x )
3  2

1  23  1 x  32
= 21 x2  x
2
3
 2 2
c) f(x) (x  5)
4 2
x  10x  25

3
 f ' (x) 4x  20x
Note
Note ::

The differentiation of a function should be with

respect to the independent variable . For example ,
if
dy
dy
ff ((xx)) ,, then
ii)) yy  then ff ''((xx))

dx
dx

dy
dy
ii hh((tt)) ,, then
ii)) yy  then hh''((tt))

dt
dt
2.4 A) The Derivative of a product

If u(x) and v(x) are differentiable

functions, the derivative of f(x)  u(x)v(x)
is
f' (x) u(x)v' (x)  v(x)u' (x)
Example
Let f (x ) = ( x2 + 2x ) ( 2x3 – 5 )

f ’(x) = u(x) v ’(x) + v(x) u’(x)

= (x2 + 2x)( 6x2) + ( 2x3 – 5 )(2x + 2)

= 4x4 + 4x3 – 10x - 10 + 6x4 + 12x3

= 10x4 + 16x3 -10x - 10

Example
a) f(x) (4x 2  1)(7x 3  x)
2 d 3 3 d 2
f' (x) (4x  1) (7x  x)  (7x  x) (4x  1)
dx dx
2 2 3
(4x  1)(21x  1)  (7x  x)(8x)
4 2
140x  9x  1

Alternative method

f(x) (4x 2  1)(7x 3  x) 28x 5  3x 3  x

4 2
 f' (x) 140x  9x  1
Example
 2  1 
b) f (x)   1  2  3  Using
 x  x 
Product Rule

2 2 1 2
f' (x) (  1)( 3 )  ( 2  3)( 2 )


x x x x
4 2 2 6
 4  3  4  2
x x x x
6 2 6
 4  3  2
x x x
c) 1
f(x) (x  1)(x  1)
Using

Product Rule

1 1
 f' (x) (  1)(1)  (x  1)(  2 )
x x
1  x  1
 1  2 
x  x 
2
x  x  x 1 1
 2
 1 2
x x
 B) The Derivative of a Quotient

If u(x) and v(x) are differentiable functions

u(x)
and v(x)  0 , the derivative of f(x) 
v(x)

is
v(x)u' (x)  u(x)v' (x)
f' (x) 
v(x)2
 Example
2
2x  4x  3 Using
f(x) 
2  3x Quotient Rule

d 2 2 d
(2  3x) (2x  4x  3)  (2x  4x  3) (2  3x)
f' (x)  dx dx
(2  3x)2

2
(2  3x)(4x  4)  (2x  4x  3)(  3)

(2  3x)2
 2 2
 12x  20x  8  (  6x  12x  9)
 2
(2  3x)

2 2
 12x  20x  8  6x  12x  9
 2
(2  3x)

2
 6x  8x  1

(2  3x)2
 (1  2x)(3x  2)  x  6x 2  2
b) f(x)  
5x  4 5x  4

2
(5x  4)(  1  12x)  (  x  6x  2)(5)
f' (x)  2
(5x  4)

2 2
(  60x  43x  4)  (  30x  5x  10)
 2
(5x  4)

2
 30x  48x  6

(5x  4)2
 2
c)  x  3  2 (x  3)(x  2x  1)
f(x)  (x  2x  1) 
 x 4  x 4

x 3  x 2  5x  3

x 4
(x  4)(3x 2  2x  5)  (x 3  x 2  5x  3)(1)
f' (x) 
(x  4)2
3 2 2 3 2
3x  12x  2x  8x  5x  20  x  x  5x  3

(x  4)2
3 2
2x  11x  8x  17
 2
(x  4)
 2.5The
2.5 TheChain
ChainRule
Rule

If y = f ( u ) is a differentiable function of u and

u = g ( x ) is a differentiable function of x,

then y = f [ g( x ) ] is a

differentiable function of x . Thus

dy dy du
 
dx du dx
or , equivalently ,

d
 f(g(x))   f ' [g(x)] g' (x)
dx
d[fg(x)] d[g(x)]
 .
d[g(x)] dx
 Example

dy
dx if 3 2 2
Find y = u – 3u + 1 and u = x + 2.

dy du
2
Since
du = 3u - 6u and
dx = 2x

By the Chain Rule ,

dy dy du
  (3u 2  6u)(2x)
dx du dx
 
 3(x 2  2) 2  6(x 2  2) 2x 

6x 3 (x 2  2)
 TheGeneral
The GeneralPower
Power Rule
Rule

In general, any function of the form

n
y = [ f(x) ] , can be differentiated

using the Chain Rule and this process

is called the General Power Rule.

 n
Let u = f ( x ) , then y = u

dy du
 nu n  1 and  f' (x)
dx dx

Using the Chain Rule,

dy dy du
 
dx du dx


 nu n 1   f' (x)
d
dx

 f(x) n  n f(x) n  1   f' (x)
 Example

Find the derivatives of

5 3
a) f(x) (x  1)

4 4
b)
y (2x  9x  6)
 5 3
a) Let u = x + 1 and f(u) =u

By the General Power Rule

du
2 5x 4
 f ’( u ) = 3u and
dx

By the Chain Rule

du
f' (x)  f' (u)
dx
2 4
[3u ] [5x ]
[3(x  1) ] [5x ] 15x4(x5 1)2
5 2 4
 4 4
b) Let u = 2x – 9x + 6 and y = u

By the General Power Rule

dy du
 4u 3 and 8x 3  9
du dx

By the Chain Rule

dy dy du
 4u 3 8x 3  9 
dx du dx

4 3 3
4(2x  9x  6) (8x  9)
EXERCISE

Differentiate the following with respect

to x, using the Chain Rule.

a)
y (x  4) 3

1
b)
y
4x  9

c) y  7x  2
 HIGHER DERIVATIVES
Notations:

OR:

OR:
Example
y'

Example

x
2
Given y = x - 1.

2
dy d y
? ?
dx dx 2
dy x  11 x2x
2

dx =
x  12 2

2 2
x  1  2x

x  1
2 2

 (1  x 2 )

(x 2  1)2