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4.1 Lesson Protein

This lesson focuses on the structures, properties, and functions of biomolecules, particularly proteins, and their building blocks, amino acids. It explains how proteins are formed from amino acids and the significance of their structure in determining their functions. The lesson also covers the different levels of protein organization and the various roles proteins play in biological systems.

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John Lloyd Galero
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8 views37 pages

4.1 Lesson Protein

This lesson focuses on the structures, properties, and functions of biomolecules, particularly proteins, and their building blocks, amino acids. It explains how proteins are formed from amino acids and the significance of their structure in determining their functions. The lesson also covers the different levels of protein organization and the various roles proteins play in biological systems.

Uploaded by

John Lloyd Galero
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 4:

The Structures,
Properties, and
Functions of
Biomolecules
Lesson 4.1

Proteins
Learning Competency

At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning


competency should be met by the students.

Explain how the structures of biological


macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids,
nucleic acid, and proteins determine their
properties and functions (S11/12PS-IIIe-22).
Learning Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able


to do the following:

● Determine the building blocks of proteins.


● Know how proteins are formed from these
building blocks.
● Explain how the structures of proteins
determine their properties and functions.
What is BIOMOLECULES?
• Biomolecules, are called biological molecule, any
of numerous substances that are produced by
cells and living organism.
• The Four major types of biomolecules are;
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nuclei Acids
Proteins
• The smallest functioning unit of a biomolecule is a
MONOMER.
“mono” means ONE.
• Put two monomers together, and you get a
DIMER.
“di “ means TWO.
• Once several monomers are put together, we get
a POLYMER.
“Poly” means MANY
BIOMOLECULES

ORGANIC
INORGANIC CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
MINERALS AMINO ACIDS
PROTEINS
WATER ENZYMES
GASES NUCLEOTIDES
NUCLEIC ACIDS
VITAMINS
BIOMOLECULES

MICROMOLECULES MACROMOLECULES
MINERALS
WATER CARBOHYDRATES
GASES LIPIDS
SUGARS PROTEINS
AMINO ACIDS
NUCLEOTIDES NUCLEIC ACIDS
Our nails and hair,
for example, are
both made up of
proteins; but why
are our nails hard
and our hair soft?

What are
proteins and
what are their
functions?
Learn about It

Proteins

● Proteins were once thought of as biomolecules


representing the "beginning" of life.

● The word proteins comes from the Greek work


proteious which means first.
Learn about It

PROTEINS FUNCTIONS AS:


• ENZYMES
• PIGMENTS and
• STEROID HORMONES
Learn about It
Learn about It

Building Blocks of Proteins


● Amino acids are a protein’s
building blocks.

● They contain two


functional groups: the
basic amino group and
the acidic carboxylic
group.
Basic structure of an amino acid
Learn about It

Essential Amino Acids


●There are 20 amino acids commonly
found in proteins.

●They differ from each other due to their


different R groups or side chains.
Learn about It

Essential amino acids


Learn about It
Learn about It

LET’S TRY THIS

• Option A: The Amino Acids This


activity will allow the students to
recall the amino acids that make
up proteins.
Learn about It
Learn about It
Learn about It
Learn about It

6. Afterward, have them present their


answers to the rest of the class.
7. Conclude this activity by asking students
to answer the guide questions below.
Learn about It

Guide Questions:
1.What are amino acids?
2. What are polypeptides?
3. What are the common elements that
make up proteins?
Learn about It

Essential Amino Acids


● Polypeptides and
proteins are formed when
amino acids are linked
together by a peptide
bond.

A peptide bond between two


amino acids.
Learn about It

Essential Amino Acids


● Polypeptides are formed
from a large number of
amino acids.

● Proteins, on the other


hand, are composed of
one or more polypeptide
A peptide bond between two
chain. amino acids.
Learn about It

Levels of Protein
Organization
● Proteins have different
shapes and sizes.

● How they achieve their


individual structures
depends on four different
levels of protein
organization.
The different levels of protein
Learn about It

Levels of Protein Organization


Primary Structure

● This refers to the amino


acid sequence that
comprises a polypeptide
chain.

● The properties of the The primary structure shows the


amino acids determine the amino acids that are linked
together by peptide bonds
properties of the sequence.
Learn about It

Levels of Protein Organization


Secondary Structure

● An α-helix is a right-handed coil stabilized by the


hydrogen bonds between the amino group of one
amino acid and carbonyl group of another amino acid.

● A β-pleated sheet has hydrogen bonds that are


between adjacent amino acids resulting in extended
rather than coiled polypeptide chains.
Learn about It

Levels of Protein Organization


Tertiary Structure

● This level of organization describes the three-


dimensional structure of the protein.
○ This structure refers to the positioning of the
protein’s atoms and side chains.
○ Tertiary structure can either be fibrous (long parallel
coils) or globular (compact and almost spherical).
Learn about It

Levels of Protein Organization

Tertiary Structures. Collagen (left) is an example of a fibrous


protein, while myoglobin (right) is an example of a globular protein.
Learn about It

Levels of Protein Organization


Quaternary Structure

● The quaternary
structure describes how
proteins come together
to form large aggregates.

Hemoglobin is a protein with


quaternary structure consisting of
two alpha and two beta chains.
Learn about It

Functions of Proteins
● Proteins perform the function of transporting
different molecules through the different parts of
organism.

● Enzymes are biological catalysts that act to make the


reaction take place more rapidly.

● There are some proteins that organisms and cells use


for mechanical support. Keratin is an example of a
structural protein.
Learn about It

Functions of Proteins
● Some of the most notable proteins used for immunity
are the antibodies.
○ Antibodies are proteins produced by the cells of the
immune system, and are used for defense against
pathogens.

● The body uses proteins like actin and myosin to allow


muscles to contract and generate movement.
Key Points

●Amino acids are the building


blocks of proteins. They contain two
functional groups: the basic amino
group and the acidic carboxylic
group.
Key Points

● There are 20 amino acids commonly found in


proteins. They differ from each other due to their
different R groups or side chains.

● Proteins have different shapes and sizes. How they


achieve their structures depends on the different
levels of protein organization.
Key Points

●Some proteins can act as receptors and


enzymes, and helps in movement,
immunity, structure, and transport.
Check Your Understanding

Identify the terms being described by the


statements below.

1. These are the building blocks of proteins.


2. It is a term used to refer to amino acids where both
carboxylic acid and amino groups are charged.
3. This dictates the main difference between the essential
amino acids.
Bibliography

Boyer, Rodney. 2006. Concepts in Biochemistry Third Edition. Danvers: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

Brown, T.L. et al. 2003. Chemistry, The Central Science. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.

McMurry, J. 2008. Organic Chemistry. Brooks Cole/CENGAGE Learning.

Nelson, D. L. and Cox, M.M. 2005. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. New York: W.H. Freeman
and Company.

“Protein Structure”. Nature Education. Accessed June 4, 2017.


https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/protein-structure-14122136/.

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