CHM 111

STATES OF
MATTER - GAS
LECTURER: MRS FRED-AHMADU
2019/2020 SESSION
 Outline
Empirical Gas Laws

Ideal Gas Equation

Kinetic Theory Of Gases

Real Gases and Deviation From Ideal Gas Laws

Kinetic Energy and Molecular Speed

 Gases
In the gaseous state, the forces of attraction between the
molecules are minimum, hence the molecules are far apart
from one another and their positions are not fixed.

Gases have neither definite shape nor definite volume.

Gases have low intermolecular forces of attraction and they

are highly compressible.

Since the intermolecular space is very large, the gas

molecules can be moved closer if some external pressure is
applied on them.
 Empirical Gas Laws
These are laws that were arrived at based on
observations during experiments.
They express the behaviour of gases with respect to
relationships between temperature (T), pressure (P),
volume (V) and amount (no of moles, n).
In spite of the varied differences in chemical properties
of gases, most of them obey the gas laws.
Includes Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, Gay Lussac’s law,
Dalton’s law of partial pressure, Avogadro’s law.
 Boyle’s Law – pressure-volume
relationship
Robert Boyle (1627-1691) did experiments to confirm the
inverse relationship between Pressure and Volume at
constant Temperature.
P α 1/V

PV = k (constant)

P1V1 = P2V2
At normal temperatures and pressure, most gases obey Boyle’s law.
Therefore, we call this ideal behaviour.
Charles’ Law – volume-temperature relationship

States that the volume of a fixed

sample of gas at constant
pressure is proportional to the
temperature.
Gases tend to expand when heat
is applied
VαT
V = kT where k is constant
V/T = k
V1/T1 =V2/T2
 Charles Law
The law is valid only when T is expressed on an absolute
scale (usually Kelvin, K).
Lord Kelvin, a British physicist, noticed an extension of
different temp-vol line back to zero volume (dashed line)
yields a common intercept at -273.15oC or zero Kelvin on
the temperature axis
Therefore, the relationship between Celcius and Kelvin
temp. scale is K = oC + 273.15
Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature where
nothing could be colder and no heat energy remains in a
substance.
 Gay-Lussac’s Law – pressure-
temperature law
This law states that the
pressure of a given amount of
gas held at constant volume is
directly proportional to the
Kelvin temperature.
PαT
P = kT where k is constant
P/T = k
P1/T1 = P2/T2
 Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pressure
States that the total pressure of a
mixture of non-reacting gases is
the sum of their individual partial
pressures.
Consider the mixture of gases A,
B, and C;
Ptotal = PA + PB + PC
Using the ideal gas law, it can also
be re-written as;
Ptotal = (nA + nB + nC)RT/V
 Avogadro’s law
States that the volume of a gas
is proportional to its amount (no
of moles, n) when temperature
and pressure are held constant.
Vαn
V = kn where k is constant
V/n = k
V1/n1 = V2/n2
1 mole of a substance contains

NA = 6.022 x 1023 molecules

Same way 1 dozen of a substance contains 12 units of that substance
 Common Units (Pressure,
Temp., Vol.)
The units of pressure that are used are pascal (Pa),
standard atmosphere (atm), mmHg and torr.
The SI unit is the pascal. Pa = N/m2 = J/m3 = kg/ms2
101,325 pascals = 1 atm = 760 torr = 760 mmHg.
The units of volume are cm3, mL, dm3, L, m3

Temperature unit is Kelvin (K)

 Combined Gas Law
A combination of Boyle’s, Charles’ and Gay-Lussac’s laws
give the following relationship
PV α T
PV = kT
PV/T = k
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
This relationship does not consider the no of
moles/particles of gas.
 Ideal gas Equation
The previous laws assume that the gas being measured is an ideal
gas.
An ideal gas that obeys the all gas laws exactly.
The volume (V) occupied by n moles of any gas has a pressure (P) at
temperature (T) in Kelvin. The relationship for these variables is

The ideal gas law PV = nRT

Where R is the Molar Gas Constant = 8.314 J/Kmol = 8.314 kgm2s-2K-
1
mol-1

Repeated experiments show that at standard temperature (273 K) and pressure (1 atm
or 101325 N/m2), one mole (n = 1) of gas occupies 22.4 L volume.
 Ideal gas Equation
To evaluate Gas constant R,
R= = = 0.08205 Latm/Kmol

Using S.I. units,

P = 101325 Pa and Volume = 0.0224 m3 , the numerical value and units
for R are
R = = = 8.314 J/Kmol

Note that no of moles n, =

 Kinetic Theory of Gases
This theory (also known as kinetic-molecular theory) explains
the behaviour of a hypothetical ideal gas.
It assumes that all gases behave ideally. The assumptions
include:
Gases consist of particles in constant, random motion. They
continue in a straight line until they collide with something—
usually each other or the walls of their container.
Particles are point masses with no volume. The particles are
so small compared to the space between them, that we do
not consider their size in ideal gases.
No molecular forces are at work. This means that there is no
attraction or repulsion between the particles.
 Kinetic Theory of Gases
Gas pressure is due to the molecules colliding with the walls
of the container. All of these collisions are perfectly elastic,
meaning that there is no change in energy of either the
particles or the wall upon collision. No energy is lost or
gained from collisions.

The average kinetic energy of gas particles is proportional

to the absolute temperature of the gas, and all gases at the
same temperature have the same average kinetic energy.
Real Gases And Deviation From Ideal Gas Laws

Over a wide range of temperature, pressure, and

volume, real gases deviate slightly from ideal.
Real gases do not always behave ideally, especially at
low temperatures and high pressures
At low temperatures the molecules have very little
kinetic energy and move around much slower, so
there is time for static forces to take hold
At very high pressures, the molecules of a gas become
so tightly packed that their volume is significant
compared to the overall volume
Also note that before a gas ever reaches absolute
zero, it will condense to a liquid.
 Practice Questions
1. A) Write the balanced equation of the reaction of hydrogen and
oxygen to form water.
(B) In terms of Avogadro’s number, how many moles of oxygen,
hydrogen and water are present?
2. The volume of a gas was halved at constant pressure, what happens
to the Kelvin temperature?
3. Calculate the height of a column of mercury corresponding to 0.300
atm in millimeters of mercury
4. A sample of methane gas is placed in a 3.7 L container at 47oC, the
pressure is 0.497 atm. How many moles of CH4 gas is present?
5.The volume of a gas with a pressure of 1.2 atm increases from 1.0 L
to 4.0 L. What is the final pressure of the gas, assuming constant
temperature?
Kinetic energy and Molecular speed
The average kinetic energy (KE) of a gas particle is
directly proportional to the temperature. An increase
in temperature increases the speed in which the gas
molecules move.
KE = ½mU2 ………………………………………….(1)
Where m is mass and u is velocity of gas particle.
All gases at a given temperature have the same
average kinetic energy.
Lighter gas molecules move faster than heavier
molecules.
The most probable speed
(Ump) is the speed of the
largest number of
molecules, and
corresponds to the peak of
the distribution.
The average speed (Uav)
is the mean speed of all
gas molecules in the
sample.
The root-mean-square
(rms) speed (Urms)
corresponds to the speed
of molecules having
exactly the same kinetic
 Kinetic energy and Molecular speed
This is the speed of a molecule, or the square root of the
average velocity squared
Denoted as Urms = …………………………………..(2)
Since all gases at a given temperature have the
same average kinetic energy,
KE = 3/2KT ………………………………… (3)
Average kinetic energy is related both to the absolute
temperature (T) and the molecular speed (U), we can
combine the equations (1) and (3) to determine the rms
speed.
Kinetic energy and Molecular speed
The average kinetic energy of a molecule is directly proportional to
its absolute temperature
KE = 1/2mU2 = 3/2KT………………………..(4)
Where m= mass of gas particle, u = velocity, K is the
proportionality constant (or Boltzmann constant)which is the gas
constant R divided by the Avogadro’s constant (NA) and T is
temperature.
Making the subject of the formula, equation (4) becomes

Urms = = ………………………………(5)
m is mass of gas particle in kg.
Kinetic energy and Molecular speed
This demonstrates that the rms speed is related to the temperature.
We can further manipulate equation (5) by multiplying the
numerator and denominator by Avogadro’s constant (NA) to give us
a form using the gas constant (R) and molar mass (M).
KNA = R and mNA = M

= …………………………………….. (6)

Equation (6) demonstrates that the rms speed of gas molecules (in
m/s) is also related to the molar mass of the substance.
Molecular
Speed
Distribution of
Noble Gases
Comparing several gases
of different molar mass
at the same
temperature, we see that
despite having the same
average kinetic energy,
the gas with the smaller
molar mass will have a
higher rms speed.
 More Exercises
1) When the volume of a gas is plotted against temperature, the x-intercept will occur at
what temperature? A) 0°C B) 273°C C) 100°C D) 5 E) 0 K (-273°C)

2) The force of gas particles hitting the walls of a container gives rise to __________ A)
mass B) sound C) temperature D) volume E) pressure

3) A tank contains helium gas at 1.50 atm. What is the pressure of the gas in mm Hg?

4) The gas with an initial volume of 24.0 L at a pressure of 565 mmHg is compressed until
the volume is 16.0 L. What is the final pressure of the gas, assuming the temperature
does not change?

5) Under what conditions would you expect a gas to behave significantly differently than
predicted by the ideal gas law?
 More Exercises
6) A doctor recommended 20 mg of glucose (C6H12O6) for a child per day. Find the number of
molecules of glucose in that amount.

7) What is the density of methane gas at STP?

8) Calculate the RMS velocity of nitrogen at 30oC. The molecular mass of nitrogen is 28.02 g/mol.

9) A fluorescent bulb of volume 4 m3 containing argon at a pressure of 6.8 x 106 N/m2 was connected
to a fluorescent bulb of volume 10 m3 containing krypton at a pressure of 4.25 x106 N/m2 and the
gases were allowed to mix. Calculate

i) the partial pressure of argon ii) the partial pressure of krypton iii) the total pressure of the mixture
at constant temperature.

10) What is the average kinetic energy of a gas molecule at 25oC?

 Deduction of
Kinetic Gas
Equation Uy

• Consider one molecule of gas with mass

m in the cube, moving in x direction with
velocity Ux.
• The momentum of the particle relative to
x-axis is mUx.
A Ux
• After striking A, it rebounds with the A’
same velocity, -Ux and momentum
change –mUx
• For a single collision, Change in
momentum = mUx – (-mUx) = 2mUx...(1)
Uz
• Distance covered during rebound = 2l
• Time (t) taken to cover the distance =

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 Deduction of Kinetic Gas Equation

• The rate of change of momentum relative to x axis

=
= = But t =
= = ……………………………..(1)
Applying the same rate of change of momentum to y and z axes gives

•and respectively.
•The total rate of change of momentum per molecule per second is
• ……………………..(2)

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 Deduction of Kinetic Gas Equation

= (Ux2 + Uy2 + Uz 2)

For ‘n’ particles, the total rate of change of momentum

= (U21 + U22 + U23 +……..U2n)………………(3)
But U2 =

U21 + U22 + U23 +……..U2n = nU2...... (4)

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 Deduction of Kinetic Gas Equation

total rate of change of momentum = ….(5)

Now from Newton’s second law of motion, which states that “the rate of
change of momentum is the force”, and pressure is force per unit area.
P= =
P = ………………(6)

Since total area of the walls of the cube of six sides is 6L2

35
 Deduction of Kinetic Gas Equation

P = ……..(7)
But V = L3,
Where V is the volume of the cube
P=,
PV = mnU2…….(8)
Equation (8) is the kinetic gas equation. This equation although derived for
a cubical vessel, is equally valid for a vessel of any shape.

36
 Deduction of Gas Laws from Kinetic Theory

Boyle’s Law
According to the kinetic theory of gases, the total kinetic energy of ‘n’
molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.
thus K.E α T
Therefore nu2 αT
= KT ……………..(9)
Where K is a constant of proportionality

But PV = mnU2

37
 Deduction of Gas Laws from Kinetic Theory

You can re-write equation (8) to reflect KE by multiplying both sides by 2/3

PV = × mnu2 = 2/3 kT…………….(10)

the kinetic gas equation it gives;
PV = kT
The product PV, therefore , will have a constant value at a constant
temperature. This is Boyle’s law.

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 References
Fundamental University Physical Chemistry by Abass A.
Olajire
Chem.bd.psu.edu
Chem.libretexts.org
https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/principles-of-
general-chemistry-v1.0/s15-06-critical-temperature-and-
press.html